Amantadine Toxicity in Revealed by Proteomics.

Amantadine exposure can alter biological processes in sea cucumbers, which are an economically important seafood in China. In this study, amantadine toxicity in was analyzed by oxidative stress and histopathological methods. Quantitative tandem mass tag labeling was used to examine changes in protein contents and metabolic pathways in intestinal tissues after exposure to 100 µg/L amantadine for 96 h. Catalase activity significantly increased from days 1 to 3 of exposure, but it decreased on day 4. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione activities were inhibited throughout the exposure period. Malondialdehyde contents increased on days 1 and 4 but decreased on days 2 and 3. Proteomics analysis revealed 111 differentially expressed proteins in the intestines of after amantadine exposure compared with the control group. An analysis of the involved metabolic pathways showed that the glycolytic and glycogenic pathways may have increased energy production and conversion in after amantadine exposure. The NF-κB, TNF, and IL-17 pathways were likely induced by amantadine exposure, thereby activating NF-κB and triggering intestinal inflammation and apoptosis. Amino acid metabolism analysis showed that the leucine and isoleucine degradation pathways and the phenylalanine metabolic pathway inhibited protein synthesis and growth in This study investigated the regulatory response mechanisms in intestinal tissues after exposure to amantadine, providing a theoretical basis for further research on amantadine toxicity.