Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
International Institute for Halal Research and Training, Level 3, KICT Building, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Int J Cosmet Sci. 2023 Aug;45(4):444-457. doi: 10.1111/ics.12854. Epub 2023 Apr 26.
The employment of Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for determination and quantification of lard in a binary blend with palm oil in a cosmetic soap formulations.
To determine and quantify lard as an adulterant in a binary blend with palm oil in a cosmetic soap formulations by FT-IR and multivariate analysis.
Fatty acids in lard, palm oil and binary blends were extracted via liquid-liquid extraction and were subjected to FTIR spectrometry, combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA) for the classification of lard in cosmetic soap formulations via two DA models: Model A (percentage of lard in cosmetic soap) and Model B (porcine and non-porcine cosmetic soap). Linear regression (MLR), partial least square regression (PLS-R) and principal components regression (PCR) were used to assess the degree of adulteration of lard in the cosmetic soap.
The FTIR spectrum of palm oil slightly differed from that of lard at the wavenumber range of 1453 cm and 1415 cm in palm oil and lard, respectively, indicating the bending vibrations of CH2 and CH3 aliphatic groups and OH carboxyl group respectively. Both of the DA models could accurately classify 100% of cosmetic soap formulations. Nevertheless, less than 100% of verification value was obtained when it was further used to predict the unknown cosmetic soap sample suspected of containing lard or a different percentage of lard. The PCA for Model A and Model B explained a similar cumulative variability (CV) of 92.86% for the whole dataset. MLR and PCR showed the highest determination coefficient (R2) of 0.996, and the lowest relative standard error (RSE) and mean square error (MSE), indicating that both regression models were effective in quantifying the lard adulterant in cosmetic soap.
FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics with DA, PCA and MLR or PCR can be used to analyse the presence of lard and quantify its percentage in cosmetic soap formulations.
傅里叶变换红外（FT-IR）光谱结合化学计量学用于测定和量化在化妆品肥皂配方中与棕榈油的二元混合物中的猪油。
通过 FT-IR 和多元分析确定和量化在化妆品肥皂配方中与棕榈油的二元混合物中的猪油作为掺杂物。
通过液液萃取提取猪油、棕榈油和二元混合物中的脂肪酸，并进行 FTIR 光谱分析，结合主成分分析（PCA）和判别分析（DA），通过两个 DA 模型对化妆品肥皂配方中的猪油进行分类：模型 A（化妆品肥皂中的猪油百分比）和模型 B（猪和非猪用化妆品肥皂）。线性回归（MLR）、偏最小二乘回归（PLS-R）和主成分回归（PCR）用于评估猪油在化妆品肥皂中的掺假程度。
棕榈油的 FTIR 光谱在 1453 cm 和 1415 cm 波数范围内与猪油略有不同，分别表示 CH2 和 CH3 脂肪族基团的弯曲振动和 OH 羧基。两个 DA 模型都可以准确地对 100%的化妆品肥皂配方进行分类。然而，当进一步用于预测含有猪油或不同百分比猪油的未知化妆品肥皂样品时，验证值的不到 100%。模型 A 和模型 B 的 PCA 解释了整个数据集的相似累积变异度（CV）为 92.86%。MLR 和 PCR 显示出最高的决定系数（R2）为 0.996，最低的相对标准误差（RSE）和均方误差（MSE），表明这两种回归模型都能有效地量化化妆品肥皂中的猪油掺杂物。
FTIR 光谱结合化学计量学与 DA、PCA 和 MLR 或 PCR 可用于分析猪油的存在及其在化妆品肥皂配方中的百分比。
