Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2023 May;250:114162. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114162. Epub 2023 Mar 28.
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers for commercial and residential purposes, are suspected of being neurotoxic. We aimed to assess exposure to an OPE mixture in early life and its relationship to parent-reported child behavior. We measured urinary concentrations of three OPE metabolites, bis-2-chloroethyl phosphate (BCEP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), at pregnancy (16 and 26 weeks of gestation and delivery) and postnatal time points (ages 1, 2, 3, and 5 years) in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment Study, a longitudinal pregnancy and birth cohort in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (enrolled 2003-2006, n = 219). We used latent variable analysis in structural equations models and quantile g-computation to investigate associations of a mixture of the three OPE metabolites with parent-reported child behaviors at 3 and 8 years, measured using the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, Second Edition. Higher log-transformed urinary OPE latent variable values at 16 weeks were associated with fewer externalizing problem behaviors (ß = -5.74; 95% CI = -11.24, -0.24) and fewer overall behavioral problems at age 3 years (ß = -5.26; 95% CI = -10.33, -0.19), whereas having higher OPEs at delivery was associated with poorer overall behavioral problems at age 3 years (ß = 2.87; 95% CI = 0.13, 5.61). OPE latent variable values at 16 weeks, 26 weeks, and delivery were not associated with child behavior at 8 years. However, higher OPE latent variable values at 3 years were associated with fewer externalizing behaviors at 8 years (ß = -2.62; 95% CI = -5.13, -0.12). The quantile g-computation estimates had directions largely consistent with the latent variable analysis results. Pregnancy and postnatal urinary OPE metabolite mixtures were associated with child internalizing, externalizing, and overall negative behaviors at 3 and 8 years, but we did not identify a consistent pattern in terms of the direction of the effects or a particularly sensitive time point.
有机磷酸酯（OPEs）作为商业和住宅用途的阻燃剂和增塑剂广泛使用，被怀疑具有神经毒性。我们旨在评估早期生活中 OPE 混合物的暴露及其与父母报告的儿童行为的关系。我们在俄亥俄州辛辛那提市的一项纵向妊娠和出生队列研究中（2003-2006 年招募，n=219）测量了三种 OPE 代谢物的尿浓度，分别是双（2-氯乙基）磷酸酯（BCEP）、双（1,3-二氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（BDCIPP）和磷酸二苯酯（DPHP），在妊娠（妊娠 16 周和 26 周以及分娩时）和产后时间点（1、2、3 和 5 岁）。我们使用结构方程模型中的潜在变量分析和分位数 g 计算来研究三种 OPE 代谢物混合物与父母报告的 3 岁和 8 岁儿童行为之间的关联，使用的是第二代儿童行为评估系统进行测量。16 周时更高的对数转化尿 OPE 潜在变量值与较少的外化问题行为（ß=-5.74；95%CI=-11.24，-0.24）和 3 岁时更少的整体行为问题相关（ß=-5.26；95%CI=-10.33，-0.19），而分娩时 OPE 较高与 3 岁时整体行为问题较差有关（ß=2.87；95%CI=0.13，5.61）。16 周、26 周和分娩时的 OPE 潜在变量值与 8 岁时的儿童行为无关。然而，3 岁时更高的 OPE 潜在变量值与 8 岁时较少的外化行为有关（ß=-2.62；95%CI=-5.13，-0.12）。分位数 g 计算的估计值与潜在变量分析结果的方向基本一致。妊娠和产后尿 OPE 代谢物混合物与 3 岁和 8 岁时儿童的内化、外化和整体负面行为有关，但我们没有发现影响方向或特别敏感的时间点的一致模式。
