School of Electronics Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati 522237, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Sensors (Basel). 2023 Mar 13;23(6):3072. doi: 10.3390/s23063072.
Energy-efficient routing protocols in Internet of Things (IoT) applications are always of colossal importance as they improve the network's longevity. The smart grid (SG) application of the IoT uses advanced metring infrastructure (AMI) to read and record power consumption periodically or on demand. The AMI sensor nodes in a smart grid network sense, process, and transmit information, which require energy, which is a limited resource and is an important parameter required to maintain the network for a longer duration. The present work discusses a novel energy-efficient routing criterion in an SG environment realised using LoRa nodes. Firstly, a modified LEACH protocol-cumulative low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (Cum_LEACH) is proposed for cluster head selection among the nodes. It uses the cumulative energy distribution of the nodes to select the cluster head. Furthermore, for test packet transmission, multiple optimal paths are created using the quadratic kernelised African-buffalo-optimisation-based LOADng (qAB_LOADng) algorithm. The best optimal path is selected from these multiple paths using a modified version of the MAX algorithm called the SMAx algorithm. This routing criterion showed an improved energy consumption profile of the nodes and the number of active nodes after running for 5000 iterations compared to standard routing protocols such as LEACH, SEP, and DEEC.
物联网 (IoT) 应用中的节能路由协议始终非常重要，因为它们可以延长网络的寿命。物联网的智能电网 (SG) 应用使用先进的计量基础设施 (AMI) 定期或按需读取和记录功耗。智能电网网络中的 AMI 传感器节点感知、处理和传输信息，这些信息需要能量，而能量是一种有限的资源，是维持网络更长时间所需的重要参数。本工作讨论了一种使用 LoRa 节点在 SG 环境中实现的新型节能路由标准。首先，提出了一种用于节点间簇头选择的改进型 LEACH 协议-累积低能自适应聚类层次结构 (Cum_LEACH)。它使用节点的累积能量分布来选择簇头。此外，对于测试数据包传输，使用基于二次核非洲水牛优化的 LOADng (qAB_LOADng) 算法创建多个最优路径。使用称为 SMAx 算法的 MAX 算法的修改版本从这些多条路径中选择最佳最优路径。与 LEACH、SEP 和 DEEC 等标准路由协议相比，这种路由标准在运行 5000 次迭代后，显示出节点和活动节点的能量消耗情况得到了改善。
