State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests of Zhejiang, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
Zool Res. 2023 May 18;44(3):467-482. doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.379.
Chalcidoidea is one of the most biologically diverse groups among Hymenoptera. Members are characterized by extraordinary parasitic lifestyles and extensive host ranges, among which several species attack plants or serve as pollinators. However, higher-level chalcidoid relationships remain controversial. Here, we performed mitochondrial phylogenomic analyses for major clades (18 out of 25 families) of Chalcidoidea based on 139 mitochondrial genomes. The compositional heterogeneity and conflicting backbone relationships in Chalcidoidea were assessed using various datasets and tree inferences. Our phylogenetic results supported the monophyly of 16 families and polyphyly of Aphelinidae and Pteromalidae. Our preferred topology recovered the relationship (Mymaridae+(Signiphoridae+Leucospidae)+(Chalcididae+((Perilampidae+Eucharitidae)+ remaining Chalcidoidea)))). The monophyly of Agaonidae and Sycophaginae was rejected, while the gall-associated ((Megastigmidae+Ormyridae)+(Ormocerinae+Eurytomidae)) relationship was supported in most results. A six-gene inversion may be a synapomorphy for most families, whereas other derived gene orders may introduce confusion in phylogenetic signals at deeper nodes. Dating estimates suggested that Chalcidoidea arose near the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary and that two dynamic shifts in diversification occurred during the evolution of Chalcidoidea. We hypothesized that the potential codiversification between chalcidoids and their hosts may be crucial for accelerating the diversification of Chalcidoidea. Ancestral state reconstruction analyses supported the hypothesis that gall-inducers were mainly derived from parasitoids of gall-inducers, while other gall-inducers were derived from phytophagous groups. Taken together, these findings advance our understanding of mitochondrial genome evolution in the major interfamilial phylogeny of Chalcidoidea.
膜翅目是昆虫中生物多样性最丰富的类群之一。该目的成员以非凡的寄生生活方式和广泛的宿主范围为特征，其中一些物种攻击植物或充当传粉媒介。然而，高级膜翅目关系仍然存在争议。在这里，我们基于 139 条线粒体基因组，对膜翅目（25 科中的 18 科）的主要类群进行了线粒体基因组系统发育分析。通过各种数据集和树推断，评估了膜翅目在组成上的异质性和冲突的骨干关系。我们的系统发育结果支持了 16 科的单系性以及小蜂科和缨小蜂科的多系性。我们首选的拓扑结构恢复了（缨小蜂科+（长尾小蜂科+细腰小蜂科）+（小蜂科+（长翅小蜂科+金小蜂科）+其余膜翅目））的关系。反对了单系性的枝角蜂科和姬蜂亚科，而与瘿蜂相关的（巨痣小蜂科+褶翅小蜂科+（柄眼小蜂科+优小蜂科））关系在大多数结果中得到支持。六个基因的倒位可能是大多数科的一个synapomorphy，而其他衍生的基因顺序可能会在更深的节点处混淆系统发育信号。估计的日期表明，膜翅目起源于侏罗纪/白垩纪边界附近，在膜翅目进化过程中发生了两次动态的多样化转变。我们假设，膜翅目与其宿主之间的潜在共进化可能对加速膜翅目的多样化至关重要。祖先状态重建分析支持了这样的假设，即诱导瘿蜂的寄生虫主要来自于诱导瘿蜂的寄生虫，而其他诱导瘿蜂的寄生虫则来自于食叶类群。总的来说，这些发现推进了我们对膜翅目主要科间系统发育中线粒体基因组进化的理解。
