Department of Dermatology and Venereology Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Farmako Street, Sekip Utara, 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environment, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia.
Sci Rep. 2023 Mar 30;13(1):5231. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-17890-w.
Batik, a resist-dyeing technique to decorate a special cotton fabric, has been practiced for centuries in Indonesia. Unfortunately, as an informal enterprise, batik industry activities lack work safety and health regulations. This study aimed to identify potential health hazards, including inventorying the chemicals to which the workers are exposed, the PPE profile, and investigating the prevalence of occupational skin diseases (OSD) in the batik industry. A cross-sectional study and an inventory of exposure to the chemicals were done in traditional batik workplaces in 5 districts in Yogyakarta province, Indonesia. The chemicals were classified as potential sensitizers/irritants, and the workers were examined and interviewed using the Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire-2002/LONG. Of 222 traditional batik workers, OSD were diagnosed in 61 (27.5%) workers, with occupational contact dermatitis was the most common OSD encountered (n = 23/61; 37.7%) (allergic contact dermatitis n = 7/23; irritant contact dermatitis n = 16/23). A smaller portion of other OSD was also encountered including callus, miliaria, and nail disorder (9%, 6.3%, and 5.9%, respectively). During each step of the traditional batik manufacturing process, the workers are exposed to substances that act as irritants and/or as potential contact allergens. However, only one-fourth of the workers used PPE regularly, particularly during the coloring process and wax removal (wet processes). Traditional batik manufacturing process exposes the worker to various physical and chemical hazards, resulting in a high prevalence of occupational skin diseases, especially contact dermatitis among the employees.
蜡染，一种用于装饰特殊棉织物的防染技术，在印度尼西亚已经有几个世纪的历史了。不幸的是，作为一个非正规企业，蜡染行业的活动缺乏工作安全和健康法规。本研究旨在确定潜在的健康危害，包括清点工人接触的化学品、个人防护设备（PPE）的使用情况，并调查蜡染行业职业性皮肤病（OSD）的流行情况。在印度尼西亚日惹省的 5 个地区，对传统蜡染工作场所进行了横断面研究和暴露于化学品的清查。将化学品分为潜在的致敏剂/刺激物，并使用北欧职业性皮肤病问卷-2002/LONG 对工人进行检查和访谈。在 222 名传统蜡染工人中，有 61 名（27.5%）工人被诊断为 OSD，最常见的 OSD 是职业性接触性皮炎（n=23/61；37.7%）（过敏性接触性皮炎 n=7/23；刺激性接触性皮炎 n=16/23）。还发现了其他较小比例的 OSD，包括胼胝、痱子和指甲疾病（分别为 9%、6.3%和 5.9%）。在传统蜡染制造过程的每一步，工人都接触到作为刺激物和/或潜在接触过敏原的物质。然而，只有四分之一的工人经常使用 PPE，特别是在染色和脱蜡（湿处理）过程中。传统蜡染制造过程使工人接触到各种物理和化学危害，导致职业性皮肤病，尤其是接触性皮炎的发病率很高。
