Plant-exuded chemical signals induce surface attachment of the bacterial pathogen .

Many plant pathogenic bacteria suppress host defenses by secreting small molecule toxins or immune-suppressing proteins into host cells, processes that likely require close physical contact between pathogen and host. Yet, in most cases, little is known about whether phytopathogenic bacteria physically attach to host surfaces during infection. Here we report that pv. tomato strain DC3000, a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen of tomato and Arabidopsis, attaches to polystyrene and glass surfaces in response to chemical signals exuded from Arabidopsis seedlings and tomato leaves. We characterized the molecular nature of these attachment-inducing signals and discovered that multiple hydrophilic metabolites found in plant exudates, including citric acid, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, are potent inducers of surface attachment. These same compounds were previously identified as inducers of genes encoding a type III secretion system (T3SS), indicating that both attachment and T3SS deployment are induced by the same plant signals. To test if surface attachment and T3SS are regulated by the same signaling pathways, we assessed the attachment phenotypes of several previously characterized DC3000 mutants, and found that the T3SS master regulator HrpL was partially required for maximal levels of surface attachment, whereas the response regulator GacA, a negative regulator of T3SS, negatively regulated DC3000 surface attachment. Together, our data indicate that T3SS deployment and surface attachment by may be co-regulated by the same host signals during infection, possibly to ensure close contact necessary to facilitate delivery of T3SS effectors into host cells.