Dental pulp and apical papilla cells senescence: causes, consequences, and prevention.

Dental pulp under physiological conditions has a defense function, repair capacity, and important mechanisms in pathological processes. In addition, the dental papilla is involved in important defense processes and an essential function in the pulp revascularization process. It is known that dental pulp and apical papilla undergo a natural aging process, in addition to stressful situations such as bruxism, inflammation, and infections. Both aging and stressful situations can lead to cellular senescence. Some evidence indicates that the changes resulting from this cellular state can directly affect the efficiency of cells in these tissues and affect conservative and regenerative clinical treatments. Thus, it is necessary to understand the causes and consequences of cellular senescence in addition to the development of methods for senescence prevention. This review aims to provide an overview of possible causes and consequences of senescence in dental pulp and stem cells from apical papilla and discusses possible methods to prevent this cellular state.