Department of Biomedical Sciences, A. A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, California, USA.
Department of Biology, Saint Mary's College of California, Moraga, California, USA.
Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2023 Oct;306(10):2484-2513. doi: 10.1002/ar.25218. Epub 2023 Apr 3.
This article provides an ontogenetically-based comparative description of the Guercy 3 partial child's maxilla with Rdm -RM and unerupted RI -RP from Baume Moula-Guercy (MIS 5e) and examines its affinities to European and Middle Eastern Middle-to-Late Pleistocene (≈MIS 14-MIS 1) Homo. Description of the Guercy 3 maxilla and dentition (7.0 year ± 0.9 month) is based on observations of original fossils, casts, CT scans, literature descriptions, and virtual reconstructions. Our ontogenetic sample comprises a Preneanderthal-Neanderthal group and a Homo sapiens group. These groups are subdivided into (1) Preneanderthals (≈MIS 14-9), Early Neanderthals (MIS 7-5e), and Late Neanderthals (MIS 5d-3), and (2) Middle (MIS 5), Upper (MIS 3-2), and Late Upper Paleolithic (≈MIS 1), and recent H. sapiens. Standard techniques were employed for measurements and developmental age determinations.The Guercy 3 maxilla lacks changes found in Late Neanderthals, including the positioning of the root of the zygomatic process, infraorbital and nasal plates, premaxilla, buccal and labial alveolus, maxillary sinus, nasal cavity, and verticality of anterior tooth implantation. The morphology of the Guercy 3 maxilla more closely approximates that of Sima de los Huesos Preneanderthals, while the dentition more closely approximates the Early-Late Neanderthal condition. Maxillary remains of children and juveniles between MIS 14-MIS 5e are rare, and the available sample is fragmentary and distorted. Although fragmentary, the Guercy 3 maxilla is undistorted and provides new insights into the evolution of the midface in Neanderthals.
本文提供了对来自 Baume Moula-Guercy（MIS 5e）的 Guercy 3 部分儿童上颌骨与 Rdm-RM 和未萌出的 RI-RP 的基于个体发生的比较描述，并检查了其与欧洲和中东中到晚更新世（≈MIS 14-MIS 1）人类的亲缘关系。对 Guercy 3 上颌骨和牙齿（7.0 岁±0.9 个月）的描述基于对原始化石、铸型、CT 扫描、文献描述和虚拟重建的观察。我们的个体发生样本包括原始人类-尼安德特人组和智人组。这些组进一步细分为（1）原始人类（≈MIS 14-9）、早期尼安德特人（MIS 7-5e）和晚期尼安德特人（MIS 5d-3），以及（2）中更新世（MIS 5）、上更新世（MIS 3-2）和晚更新世（≈MIS 1）以及最近的智人。标准技术用于测量和发育年龄确定。Guercy 3 上颌骨缺乏在晚期尼安德特人中发现的变化，包括颧骨过程根部的位置、眶下和鼻板、前上颌骨、颊侧和唇侧牙槽、上颌窦、鼻腔和前牙植入的垂直度。Guercy 3 上颌骨的形态更接近 Sima de los Huesos 原始人类，而牙齿更接近早期-晚期尼安德特人条件。MIS 14-MIS 5e 之间的儿童和青少年上颌骨遗骸很少见，可用样本是零碎和变形的。尽管是零碎的，但 Guercy 3 上颌骨没有变形，并为尼安德特人中面部进化提供了新的见解。
