Belsky J, Lang M, Huston T L
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986 Mar;50(3):517-22. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.50.3.517.
This investigation examines the proposition that wives who describe their personality in ways that deviate from sex stereotypes will become less positive and more negative about their marriage from before to after they become mothers, particularly when the transition to parenthood is accompanied by an increase in the traditionalism of marital roles. Sixty-one couples were studied longitudinally from the last trimester of pregnancy through the third postpartum month. The wives completed the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (Spence & Helmreich, 1978), which measures the extent to which they ascribe personality attributes stereotyped as "masculine" (i.e., instrumental, agentic) and "feminine" (expressive, affectional) to themselves, and several questionnaires assessing the marital relationship at both times of measurement. Results revealed that the more division of labor changed toward traditionalism, the greater the decline in wives' evaluations of the positive aspects of marriage and that changes in wives' evaluations of both positive and negative aspects of marriage can be significantly predicted by the interaction of the wives' expressivity and changes toward increased traditionalism in division of labor. Additional analyses showed that wives who do not ascribe female sex-typed attributes to themselves (relative to those who see themselves in sex-stereotyped ways) are more apt to evaluate their marriage less favorably from before to after parenthood when roles shift toward greater traditionalism.
那些以偏离性别刻板印象的方式描述自己性格的妻子，从成为母亲之前到之后，对自己婚姻的看法会变得不那么积极，而更消极，尤其是当向为人父母的转变伴随着婚姻角色传统主义的增加时。对61对夫妻进行了纵向研究，从怀孕晚期一直到产后第三个月。妻子们完成了《个人属性问卷》（斯彭斯和赫尔姆赖希，1978年），该问卷衡量她们将被刻板化为“男性化”（即工具性、能动性）和“女性化”（表达性、情感性）的性格属性归因于自己的程度，以及几份在两个测量时间评估婚姻关系的问卷。结果显示，劳动分工越朝着传统主义转变，妻子对婚姻积极方面的评价下降幅度就越大，而且妻子对婚姻积极和消极方面评价的变化可以通过妻子的表达性与劳动分工中传统主义增加的变化之间的相互作用得到显著预测。进一步的分析表明，那些不将女性性别类型属性归因于自己的妻子（相对于那些以性别刻板印象看待自己的妻子），当角色向更大的传统主义转变时，从为人父母之前到之后，更倾向于对自己的婚姻评价较低。
