Cadmium tolerance and hyperaccumulation in plants - A proteomic perspective of phytoremediation.

Cadmium (Cd) is a major environmental pollutant and poses a risk of transfer into the food chain through contaminated plants. Mechanisms underlying Cd tolerance and hyperaccumulation in plants are not fully understood. Proteomics-based approaches facilitate an in-depth understanding of plant responses to Cd stress at the systemic level by identifying Cd-inducible differentially abundant proteins (DAPs). In this review, we summarize studies related to proteomic changes associated with Cd-tolerance mechanisms in Cd-tolerant crops and Cd-hyperaccumulating plants, especially the similarities and differences across plant species. The enhanced DAPs identified through proteomic studies can be potential targets for developing Cd-hyperaccumulators to remediate Cd-contaminated environments and Cd-tolerant crops with low Cd content in the edible organs. This is of great significance for ensuring the food security of an exponentially growing global population. Finally, we discuss the methodological drawbacks in current proteomic studies and propose that better protocols and advanced techniques should be utilized to further strengthen the reliability and applicability of future Cd-stress-related studies in plants. This review provides insights into the improvement of phytoremediation efficiency and an in-depth study of the molecular mechanisms of Cd enrichment in plants.