Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka.
Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka; Instrument Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka.
Environ Pollut. 2023 Jul 1;328:121596. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121596. Epub 2023 Apr 8.
Hydro-geochemistry of drinking water was characterized in chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) endemic areas in Girandurukotte (GK) and Dehiattakandiya (DH) and non-endemic areas in GK, DH, and Sewanagala (SW) in Sri Lanka to comprehend any potential risk factors for CKDu. Groundwater (n = 142) and surface water (n = 08) were sampled during wet and dry seasons and analyzed for major anions, cations and stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen (δH and δO). Besides the typical water quality analysis, the water quality status was determined using the weighted arithmetic water quality index (WQI) and Hofmeister ion exposure levels. The measured average groundwater F level was higher than the permissible level assigned by regulatory agencies for tropical countries at CKDu locations in GK, DH and non-CKDu locations in DH and SW. Significant differences in the content of total hardness (p = 0.017) and total dissolved solids (p = 0.003) were observed between CKDu and non-CKDu locations whereas the differences were insignificant for F (p = 0.985) and alkalinity (p = 0.203). Weathering of silicate and carbonate minerals was found to be the main governing factor of groundwater compositions in both CKDu and non-CKDu areas, while recharging of groundwater is mainly determined by the rainfall than the surface water inputs. Higher ionic strength of groundwater in non-CKDu areas suggested that the potential environmental CKDu risk factors might be suppressed from dissolution into groundwater. The WQI calculations revealed that the both CKDu and non-CKDu locations were frequently presented with poor water quality. This study highlights the water quality status of the CKDu and non-CKDu locations and signifies the potential health risks that could arise even in non-CKDu areas due to the consumption of poor quality water. Accordingly, regular monitoring of water quality and assessment of Hofmeister ions exposure from food and beverages are highly warranted.
本研究旨在探讨斯里兰卡 Girandurukotte（GK）和 Dehiattakandiya（DH）等慢性肾病未知病因（CKDu）流行地区以及 GK、DH 和 Sewanagala（SW）等非流行地区饮用水的水文地球化学特征，以了解可能导致 CKDu 的潜在危险因素。在雨季和旱季采集了地下水（n=142）和地表水（n=08）样本，并对主要阴离子、阳离子和氢氧稳定同位素（δH 和 δO）进行了分析。除了典型的水质分析外，还使用加权算术水质指数（WQI）和豪夫迈斯特离子暴露水平来确定水质状况。在 GK、DH 的 CKDu 地区和 DH、SW 的非 CKDu 地区，测量的地下水 F 含量平均值高于热带国家监管机构规定的允许水平。在 CKDu 和非 CKDu 地区之间，总硬度（p=0.017）和总溶解固体（p=0.003）的含量存在显著差异，而 F（p=0.985）和碱度（p=0.203）的差异则不显著。研究发现，硅酸盐和碳酸盐矿物的风化是 CKDu 和非 CKDu 地区地下水组成的主要控制因素，而地下水的补给主要取决于降雨，而不是地表水的输入。非 CKDu 地区地下水的离子强度较高，表明潜在的环境 CKDu 危险因素可能因溶解而抑制进入地下水。WQI 计算结果表明，CKDu 和非 CKDu 地区的水质均较差。本研究强调了 CKDu 和非 CKDu 地区的水质状况，并表明即使在非 CKDu 地区，由于饮用水质较差，也可能存在潜在的健康风险。因此，强烈需要定期监测水质，并评估食物和饮料中的豪夫迈斯特离子暴露。
