Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
Department of Electrical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University-Cairo, New Administrative Capital, Egypt.
Sensors (Basel). 2023 Mar 24;23(7):3412. doi: 10.3390/s23073412.
With the growing importance of single-photon-counting (SPC) techniques, researchers are now designing high-performance systems based on single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). SPADs with high performances and low cost allow the popularity of SPC-based systems for medical and industrial applications. However, few efforts were put into the design optimization of SPADs due to limited calibrated models of the SPAD itself and its related circuits. This paper provides a perspective on improving SPAD-based system design by reviewing the development of SPAD models. First, important SPAD principles such as photon detection probability (PDP), dark count rate (DCR), afterpulsing probability (AP), and timing jitter (TJ) are discussed. Then a comprehensive discussion of various SPAD models focusing on each of the parameters is provided. Finally, important research challenges regarding the development of more advanced SPAD models are summarized, followed by the outlook for the future development of SPAD models and emerging SPAD modeling methods.
随着单光子计数（SPC）技术的重要性不断增加，研究人员现在正在基于单光子雪崩二极管（SPAD）设计高性能系统。具有高性能和低成本的 SPAD 允许基于 SPC 的系统在医疗和工业应用中普及。然而，由于 SPAD 本身及其相关电路的校准模型有限，因此很少有人致力于 SPAD 的设计优化。本文通过回顾 SPAD 模型的发展，提供了一种改进基于 SPAD 的系统设计的视角。首先，讨论了 SPAD 的重要原理，如光子探测概率（PDP）、暗计数率（DCR）、后脉冲概率（AP）和定时抖动（TJ）。然后，全面讨论了各种 SPAD 模型，重点介绍了每个参数。最后，总结了开发更先进的 SPAD 模型的重要研究挑战，并展望了 SPAD 模型和新兴 SPAD 建模方法的未来发展。
