Calbee, Inc. Research and Development Division, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-3231, Japan.
Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-0056, Japan.
Eur J Nutr. 2023 Aug;62(5):2217-2231. doi: 10.1007/s00394-023-03138-4. Epub 2023 Apr 15.
It has been reported that the consumption of fruit granola (FG), mulberry leaves, and barley cookies as an afternoon snack suppresses the postprandial increase in glucose levels at dinner. However, there have been no reports on the second-meal effect of snacking on popular snacks, such as potato chips (PC), roasted sweet potato (SP), and black beans (BB), or on the interval between snacking and dinner.
The present study was an open-label randomized crossover trial of five study groups (PC, SP, BB, FG, and no snack) regarding the second-meal effects with different intervals between snacks and dinner. The subjects consumed prescribed meals for lunch and dinner at 12:00 and 19:00, and a snack fixed at 838 kJ (= 200 kcal) at 15:00 or 17:00.
When the participants snacked at 15:00, the postprandial glucose elevation at dinner was suppressed in the FG and SP groups, and the area under the curve (AUC) was also low. When they snacked at 17:00, the postprandial glucose elevation was suppressed in all the groups. The AUCs for PC, FG, and SP were lower than those for no snacking. On the other hand, carbohydrate intake increased with snacking, but the total AUC of snacks and dinner did not differ in any of the groups. The duration of hyperglycemia decreased with snack intake, as did the glucose amplitude.
We believe that the intake of carbohydrates and soluble fiber in snacks is an important factor in the second-meal effect at dinner. These results will contribute to the development of snacking and research into the second-meal effect.
据报道，作为下午茶点食用水果格兰诺拉麦片（FG）、桑叶和大麦饼干可以抑制晚餐时餐后血糖升高。然而，目前尚无关于薯片（PC）、烤红薯（SP）和黑豆（BB）等流行零食的二次进餐效应，以及零食与晚餐之间的间隔时间对二次进餐效应的影响的报告。
本研究是一项关于五种研究组（PC、SP、BB、FG 和无零食）的二次进餐效应的开放性随机交叉试验，不同零食与晚餐之间的间隔时间不同。研究对象在 12:00 和 19:00 时分别食用规定的午餐和晚餐，下午 3:00 或 5:00 时食用固定热量为 838kJ（=200kcal）的零食。
当参与者在下午 3:00 时吃零食时，FG 和 SP 组的晚餐后血糖升高受到抑制，曲线下面积（AUC）也较低。当他们在下午 5:00 时吃零食时，所有组的餐后血糖升高均受到抑制。与无零食组相比，PC、FG 和 SP 的 AUC 较低。另一方面，随着零食摄入，碳水化合物的摄入量增加，但在任何一组中，零食和晚餐的总 AUC 都没有差异。随着零食摄入量的增加，高血糖持续时间缩短，血糖幅度也降低。
我们认为，零食中碳水化合物和可溶性纤维的摄入是晚餐二次进餐效应的一个重要因素。这些结果将有助于零食的摄入和二次进餐效应的研究。
