Whitney Paul, Kurinec Courtney A, Hinson John M
Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States.
Front Neurosci. 2023 Mar 30;17:1134757. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1134757. eCollection 2023.
Throughout its modern history, sleep research has been concerned with both the benefits of sleep and the deleterious impact of sleep disruption for cognition, behavior, and performance. When more specifically examining the impact of sleep on memory and learning, however, research has overwhelmingly focused on how sleep following learning facilitates memory, with less attention paid to how lack of sleep prior to learning can disrupt subsequent memory. Although this imbalance in research emphasis is being more frequently addressed by current investigators, there is a need for a more organized approach to examining the effect of sleep deprivation before learning. The present review briefly describes the generally accepted approach to analyzing effects of sleep deprivation on subsequent memory and learning by means of its effects on encoding. Then, we suggest an alternative framework with which to understand sleep loss and memory in terms of temporary amnesia from sleep loss (TASL). The review covers the well-characterized properties of amnesia arising from medial temporal lobe lesions and shows how the pattern of preserved and impaired aspects of memory in amnesia may also be appearing during sleep loss. The view of the TASL framework is that amnesia and the amnesia-like deficits observed during sleep deprivation not only affect memory processes but will also be apparent in cognitive processes that rely on those memory processes, such as decision-making. Adoption of the TASL framework encourages movement away from traditional explanations based on narrowly defined domains of memory functioning, such as encoding, and taking instead a more expansive view of how brain structures that support memory, such as the hippocampus, interact with higher structures, such as the prefrontal cortex, to produce complex cognition and behavioral performance, and how this interaction may be compromised by sleep disruption.
在其现代发展历程中，睡眠研究既关注睡眠的益处，也关注睡眠中断对认知、行为和表现的有害影响。然而，当更具体地研究睡眠对记忆和学习的影响时，研究绝大多数都集中在学习后的睡眠如何促进记忆，而较少关注学习前缺乏睡眠如何扰乱后续记忆。尽管当前研究人员越来越频繁地提及这种研究重点的不平衡，但仍需要一种更有条理的方法来研究学习前睡眠剥夺的影响。本综述简要描述了通过睡眠剥夺对编码的影响来分析其对后续记忆和学习影响的普遍接受的方法。然后，我们提出了一个替代框架，即从睡眠剥夺导致的暂时性失忆（TASL）角度来理解睡眠不足与记忆的关系。该综述涵盖了内侧颞叶损伤引起的失忆的特征性属性，并展示了失忆中记忆保留和受损方面的模式在睡眠不足时可能如何显现。TASL框架的观点是，睡眠剥夺期间观察到的失忆和类似失忆的缺陷不仅会影响记忆过程，还会在依赖这些记忆过程的认知过程中显现出来，比如决策。采用TASL框架有助于摆脱基于狭义定义的记忆功能领域（如编码）的传统解释，转而更全面地看待支持记忆的脑结构（如海马体）如何与更高层次的结构（如前额叶皮层）相互作用以产生复杂的认知和行为表现，以及这种相互作用如何因睡眠中断而受到损害。
