Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman, 11733, Jordan.
Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, 80309, USA.
Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2023 Jul;13(7):1967-1982. doi: 10.1007/s13346-023-01331-w. Epub 2023 Apr 17.
Antioxidant-rich plant extracts have demonstrated tremendous value as inflammatory modulators and as nanomaterial precursors. Chronic cigarette smoking alters neurotransmitter systems, particularly the glutamatergic system, and produces neuroinflammation. This study aimed to investigate the behavioral and molecular correlates of cigarette smoking withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats, and whether these effects could be mitigated by the administration of antioxidant nanoassemblies prepared by spontaneous oxidation of dark-roasted Arabica coffee bean aqueous extracts. Four experimental groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to: (i) a control group that was only exposed to room air, (ii) a COF group that was administered 20 mg/kg of the coffee nanoassemblies by oral gavage, (iii) a SMOK group that was exposed to cigarette smoke and was given an oral gavage of distilled water, (iv) and a SMOK + COF group that was exposed to cigarette smoke and administered 20 mg/kg of the coffee nanoassemblies. Animals were exposed to cigarette smoke for 2 h per day, five days per week, with a 2-day withdrawal period each week. At the end of the 4 week, rats began receiving either distilled water or the coffee nanoassemblies before being exposed to cigarette smoke for 21 additional days. Weekly behavioral tests revealed that cigarette smoking withdrawal exacerbated anxiety, while the administration of the coffee nanoassemblies reduced this effect. The effect of cigarette smoking on astroglial glutamate transporters and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression in brain subregions was also measured. Smoking reduced the relative mRNA and protein levels of the glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) and the cystine/glutamate antiporter (xCT), and increased the levels of NF-κB, but these effects were attenuated by the coffee nanoassemblies. Thus, administration of the antioxidant nanoassemblies decreased the negative effects of cigarette smoke, which included neuroinflammation, changes in glutamate transporters' expression, and a rise in anxiety-like behavior.
富含抗氧化剂的植物提取物已被证明具有巨大的价值，可作为炎症调节剂和纳米材料前体。慢性吸烟会改变神经递质系统，特别是谷氨酸能系统，并产生神经炎症。本研究旨在探讨吸烟戒断引起的焦虑样行为大鼠的行为和分子相关性，以及这些影响是否可以通过口服给予由深烘焙阿拉比卡咖啡豆水提取物自发氧化制备的抗氧化纳米组装体来减轻。将 4 组雌性 Sprague-Dawley 大鼠随机分为：（i）仅暴露于室内空气的对照组，（ii）给予 20mg/kg 咖啡纳米组装体的 COF 组，（iii）暴露于香烟烟雾并给予蒸馏水口服灌胃的 SMOK 组，和（iv）暴露于香烟烟雾并给予 20mg/kg 咖啡纳米组装体的 SMOK+COF 组。动物每天暴露于香烟烟雾中 2 小时，每周 5 天，每周有 2 天的戒断期。在第 4 周结束时，大鼠开始接受蒸馏水或咖啡纳米组装体，然后再暴露于香烟烟雾中 21 天。每周行为测试表明，吸烟戒断加重了焦虑，而给予咖啡纳米组装体可减轻这种作用。还测量了吸烟对大脑亚区中星形胶质细胞谷氨酸转运体和核因子 kappa B（NF-κB）表达的影响。吸烟降低了谷氨酸转运体 1（GLT-1）和胱氨酸/谷氨酸反向转运体（xCT）的相对 mRNA 和蛋白水平，并增加了 NF-κB 的水平，但这些作用被咖啡纳米组装体减弱。因此，给予抗氧化纳米组装体可减轻吸烟的负面影响，包括神经炎症、谷氨酸转运体表达的变化和焦虑样行为的增加。
