Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Nanoscale. 2023 May 11;15(18):8044-8083. doi: 10.1039/d3nr00807j.
Recent advances in the field of skin patches have promoted the development of wearable and implantable bioelectronics for long-term, continuous healthcare management and targeted therapy. However, the design of electronic skin (e-skin) patches with stretchable components is still challenging and requires an in-depth understanding of the skin-attachable substrate layer, functional biomaterials and advanced self-powered electronics. In this comprehensive review, we present the evolution of skin patches from functional nanostructured materials to multi-functional and stimuli-responsive patches towards flexible substrates and emerging biomaterials for e-skin patches, including the material selection, structure design and promising applications. Stretchable sensors and self-powered e-skin patches are also discussed, ranging from electrical stimulation for clinical procedures to continuous health monitoring and integrated systems for comprehensive healthcare management. Moreover, an integrated energy harvester with bioelectronics enables the fabrication of self-powered electronic skin patches, which can effectively solve the energy supply and overcome the drawbacks induced by bulky battery-driven devices. However, to realize the full potential offered by these advancements, several challenges must be addressed for next-generation e-skin patches. Finally, future opportunities and positive outlooks are presented on the future directions of bioelectronics. It is believed that innovative material design, structure engineering, and in-depth study of fundamental principles can foster the rapid evolution of electronic skin patches, and eventually enable self-powered close-looped bioelectronic systems to benefit mankind.
近年来，贴片领域的进展推动了可穿戴和可植入生物电子设备的发展，以实现长期、连续的医疗保健管理和靶向治疗。然而，设计具有可拉伸组件的电子皮肤 (e-skin) 贴片仍然具有挑战性，需要深入了解可附着于皮肤的基底层、功能生物材料和先进的自供电电子设备。在这篇全面的综述中，我们展示了从功能纳米结构材料到多功能和响应性贴片的皮肤贴片的演变，以及针对 e-skin 贴片的灵活基底和新兴生物材料，包括材料选择、结构设计和有前途的应用。可拉伸传感器和自供电 e-skin 贴片也得到了讨论，涵盖了从临床程序的电刺激到连续健康监测和综合医疗保健管理的集成系统。此外，具有生物电子学的集成能量收集器可用于制造自供电电子皮肤贴片，它可以有效地解决能源供应问题，并克服由大型电池驱动设备引起的缺点。然而，为了充分发挥这些进展的潜力，必须解决下一代 e-skin 贴片面临的几个挑战。最后，对生物电子学的未来方向提出了未来的机遇和积极展望。相信创新的材料设计、结构工程和对基本原理的深入研究可以促进电子皮肤贴片的快速发展，并最终使自供电闭环生物电子系统造福人类。
