Department of Psychology and Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
Adv Child Dev Behav. 2023;64:1-37. doi: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2022.10.004. Epub 2022 Dec 9.
Visual attention develops rapidly and significantly during the first postnatal years. At birth, infants have poor visual acuity, poor head and neck control, and as a result have little autonomy over where and how long they look. Across the first year, the neural systems that support alerting, orienting, and endogenous attention develop, allowing infants to more effectively focus their attention on information in the environment important for processing. However, visual attention is a system that develops in the context of the whole child, and fully understanding this development requires understanding how attentional systems interact and how these systems interact with other systems across wide domains. By adopting a cascades framework we can better position the development of visual attention in the context of the whole developing child. Specifically, development builds, with previous achievements setting the stage for current development, and current development having cascading consequences on future development. In addition, development reflects changes in multiple domains, and those domains influence each other across development. Finally, development reflects and produces changes in the input that the visual system receives; understanding the changing input is key to fully understand the development of visual attention. The development of visual attention is described in this context.
视觉注意力在出生后的第一年迅速而显著地发展。婴儿出生时视力不佳，头部和颈部控制能力差，因此他们对自己看哪里和看多久的自主性很差。在第一年，支持警觉、定向和内源性注意的神经系统发育，使婴儿能够更有效地将注意力集中在环境中对处理重要的信息上。然而，视觉注意力是一个在整个儿童背景下发展的系统，要全面理解这种发展，就需要了解注意系统如何相互作用，以及这些系统如何与其他广泛领域的系统相互作用。通过采用级联框架，我们可以更好地将视觉注意力的发展置于整个发育中儿童的背景下。具体来说，发展是累积的，以前的成就为当前的发展奠定了基础，当前的发展对未来的发展有级联效应。此外，发展反映了多个领域的变化，这些领域在发展过程中相互影响。最后，发展反映并产生了视觉系统接收的输入的变化；了解不断变化的输入是充分理解视觉注意力发展的关键。本文将在这种背景下描述视觉注意力的发展。
