Division of Crop Production, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, 208 024, India.
ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat, 362 001, India.
Sci Rep. 2023 Apr 20;13(1):6508. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-33255-3.
Mono-cropping of maize-wheat, mechanical disintegration of soils, and continuous chemical fertilization have deteriorated soil health in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. We studied the long-term impact of pulse-based cropping systems with integrated nutrient management on soil physical and chemical properties and yield sustainability. We evaluated four different cropping systems: (1) maize-wheat (M-W), (2) maize-wheat-mungbean (M-W-Mb), (3) maize-wheat-maize-chickpea (M-W-M-C), (4) pigeonpea-wheat (P-W) each with three degrees of soil fertilization techniques: (1) unfertilized control (CT), (2) inorganic fertilization (RDF), and (3) integrated nutrient management (INM). The field experiment was undertaken in a split-plot design with three replications each year with a fixed layout. P-W and M-W-Mb systems enhanced soil properties such as volume expansion by 9-25% and porosity by 7-9% (p < 0.05) more than M-W, respectively. P-W and M-W-Mb increased soil organic carbon by 25-42% and 12-50% over M-W (RDF). P-W system enhanced water holding capacity and gravimetric moisture content by 10 and 11% (p < 0.05) than M-W. Pulse-based systems (P-W and M-W-Mb) had higher available nitrogen (8-11%), phosphorus (42-73%), and potassium (8-12%) over M-W (p < 0.05). M-W-Mb increased 26% maize yield and 21% wheat yield over M-W (p < 0.05) at the thirteenth crop cycle. P-W system had a higher sustainable yield index (p < 0.05) of wheat over the M-W. Thus, pulse inclusion in the cropping system in combination with INM can enhance physical and chemical properties vis-à-vis sustainable yield index over the cereal-cereal system.
在印度-恒河平原，玉米-小麦单作、土壤机械粉碎和连续的化学施肥已经导致土壤健康恶化。我们研究了基于豆类的种植系统与综合养分管理对土壤物理和化学性质以及产量可持续性的长期影响。我们评估了四种不同的种植系统：（1）玉米-小麦（M-W），（2）玉米-小麦-绿豆（M-W-Mb），（3）玉米-小麦-玉米-鹰嘴豆（M-W-M-C），（4）豌豆-小麦（P-W），每个系统都有三种土壤施肥技术：（1）不施肥对照（CT），（2）无机施肥（RDF），（3）综合养分管理（INM）。田间试验采用裂区设计，每年三次重复，采用固定布局。P-W 和 M-W-Mb 系统分别比 M-W 系统提高土壤膨润度 9-25%和孔隙度 7-9%（p<0.05）。P-W 和 M-W-Mb 系统比 M-W（RDF）系统分别增加 25-42%和 12-50%的土壤有机碳。P-W 系统比 M-W 系统提高水分保持能力和重量含水量 10%和 11%（p<0.05）。豆类种植系统（P-W 和 M-W-Mb）的有效氮（8-11%）、磷（42-73%）和钾（8-12%）含量均高于 M-W（p<0.05）。在第 13 个作物周期，M-W-Mb 系统比 M-W 系统增加了 26%的玉米产量和 21%的小麦产量（p<0.05）。P-W 系统的小麦可持续产量指数（p<0.05）高于 M-W。因此，与谷物-谷物系统相比，在种植系统中加入豆类并结合 INM 可以提高物理和化学性质以及可持续产量指数。
