Nichols Quentin Z, Ramadoss Rohit, Stanzione Joseph R, Volpe Stella L
Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States.
Nutrition & Scientific Affairs, Worldwide Sport Nutritional Supplements, Bohemia, NY, United States.
Front Sports Act Living. 2023 Apr 6;5:854442. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2023.854442. eCollection 2023.
OBJECTIVE: In our cross-sectional study, we evaluated micronutrient supplementation intake among Collegiate and Masters Athletes. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess micronutrient supplementation consumption in Collegiate and Masters Athletes, comparing sex and sport classification within each respective group. Micronutrient supplement consumption data were measured using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. A two-way analysis of variance was used to explore the differences among Collegiate and Masters Athletes' supplement intakes of the following vitamins and minerals: vitamins A, B, B, C, E, D, and calcium, folate, iron, magnesium niacin, riboflavin, selenium, thiamine, and zinc. When significant differences were found, a Bonferroni test was performed to identify specific group differences. The significance level was set at < 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 198 athletes (105 females and 93 males) were included in the study. Participants were 36.16 ± 12.33 years of age. Collegiate male athletes had significantly greater vitamin A [1,090.51 ± 154.72 vs. 473.93 ± 233.18 mg retinol activity equivalents (RAE)/day] ( < 0.036), folate [337.14 ± 44.79 vs. 148.67 ± 67.50 mcg dietary folate equivalents (DFE)/day] ( < 0.027), and magnesium (65.35 ± 8.28 vs. 31.28 ± 12.48 mg/day) ( < 0.031) intakes compared to Collegiate female athletes. Collegiate CrossFit Athletes (940.71 ± 157.54 mg/day) had a significantly greater vitamin C intake compared to Collegiate General Athletes (156.34 ± 67.79 mg/day) ( < 0.005), Collegiate Triathletes (88.57 ± 148.53 mg/day) ( < 0.027), Collegiate Resistance Training Athletes (74.28 ± 143.81 mg/day) ( < 0.020), and Collegiate Powerlifters (175.71 ± 128.63 mg/day) ( < 0.044). Masters females had significantly greater calcium intakes compared to Masters males (494.09 ± 65.73 vs.187.89 ± 77.23 mg/day, respectively) ( < 0.002). Collegiate Runners (41.35 ± 6.53 mg/day) had a significantly greater iron intake compared to Collegiate Powerlifters (4.50 ± 6.53 mg/day) ( < 0.024). Masters Swimmers (61.43 ± 12.10 mg/day) had significantly greater iron intakes compared to Masters General Athletes (13.97 ± 3.56 mg/day) ( < 0.014), Masters Runners (17.74 ± 2.32 mg/day) ( < 0.03), Masters Triathletes (11.95 ± 3.73 mg/day) ( < 0.008), Masters CrossFit Athletes (15.93 ± 5.36 mg/day) ( < 0.043), Masters Rowers (9.10 ± 3.36 mg/day) ( < 0.003), and Masters Cyclists (1.71 ± 9.88 mg/day) ( < 0.011). Masters Powerlifters (47.14 ± 9.65 mg/day) had significantly greater zinc intakes compared to Masters General Athletes (9.57 ± 2.84 mg/day) ( < 0.015), Masters Runners (10.67 ± 1.85 mg/day) ( < 0.017), Masters Triathletes (10.24 ± 2.98 mg/day) ( < 0.020), Masters Rowers (9.33 ± 2.68 mg/day) ( < 0.013), and Masters Cyclists (1.43 ± 7.88 mg/day) ( < 0.019). There were no other significant differences among the other micronutrient supplement intakes between the sexes or among the sport classification. CONCLUSION: We reported significant differences among female and male Collegiate and Masters Athletes. Additionally, we reported significant differences among Collegiate and Masters Athletes sport classifications. Further research should examine both dietary and micronutrient supplement intake among Collegiate and Masters Athletes to examine the extent that athletes exceed the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), and the potential effects on health and performance.
目的：在我们的横断面研究中，我们评估了大学生运动员和硕士研究生运动员的微量营养素补充剂摄入量。 方法：我们进行了一项横断面研究，以评估大学生运动员和硕士研究生运动员的微量营养素补充剂消费情况，并比较了每个组内的性别和运动分类。微量营养素补充剂消费数据使用食物频率问卷进行测量。采用双向方差分析来探讨大学生运动员和硕士研究生运动员在以下维生素和矿物质补充剂摄入量上的差异：维生素A、B、B、C、E、D，以及钙、叶酸、铁、镁、烟酸、核黄素、硒、硫胺素和锌。当发现显著差异时，进行Bonferroni检验以确定具体的组间差异。显著性水平设定为<0.05。 结果：共有198名运动员（105名女性和93名男性）纳入研究。参与者的年龄为36.16±12.33岁。与大学女运动员相比，大学男运动员的维生素A[1090.51±154.72对473.93±233.18毫克视黄醇活性当量（RAE）/天](<0.036)、叶酸[337.14±44.79对148.67±67.50微克膳食叶酸当量（DFE）/天](<0.027)和镁（65.35±8.28对31.28±12.48毫克/天）(<0.031)摄入量显著更高。与大学普通运动员（156.34±67.79毫克/天）(<0.005)、大学铁人三项运动员（88.57±148.53毫克/天）(<0.027)、大学抗阻训练运动员（74.28±143.81毫克/天）(<0.020)和大学力量举运动员（175.71±128.63毫克/天）(<0.044)相比，大学CrossFit运动员（940.71±157.54毫克/天）的维生素C摄入量显著更高。与硕士男运动员相比，硕士女运动员的钙摄入量显著更高（分别为494.09±65.73对187.89±77.23毫克/天）(<0.002)。与大学力量举运动员（4.50±6.53毫克/天）相比，大学跑步运动员（41.35±6.53毫克/天）的铁摄入量显著更高(<0.024)。与硕士普通运动员（13.97±3.56毫克/天）(<0.014)、硕士跑步运动员（17.74±2.32毫克/天）(<0.03)、硕士铁人三项运动员（11.95±3.73毫克/天）(<0.008)、硕士CrossFit运动员（15.93±5.36毫克/天）(<0.043)、硕士赛艇运动员（9.10±3.36毫克/天）(<0.003)和硕士自行车运动员（1.71±9.88毫克/天）(<0.011)相比，硕士游泳运动员（61.43±12.10毫克/天）的铁摄入量显著更高。与硕士普通运动员（9.57±2.84毫克/天）(<0.015)、硕士跑步运动员（10.67±1.85毫克/天）(<0.017)、硕士铁人三项运动员（10.24±2.98毫克/天）(<0.020)、硕士赛艇运动员（9.33±2.68毫克/天）(<0.013)和硕士自行车运动员（1.43±7.88毫克/天）(<0.019)相比，硕士力量举运动员（47.14±9.65毫克/天）的锌摄入量显著更高。在性别之间或运动分类之间的其他微量营养素补充剂摄入量上没有其他显著差异。 结论：我们报告了大学运动员和硕士研究生运动员在性别之间存在显著差异。此外，我们报告了大学运动员和硕士研究生运动员在运动分类之间存在显著差异。进一步的研究应检查大学运动员和硕士研究生运动员的饮食和微量营养素补充剂摄入量，以研究运动员超过推荐膳食摄入量（RDA）的程度，以及对健康和表现的潜在影响。
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