Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, Institute of Geography, School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
Age Ageing. 2023 Apr 1;52(4). doi: 10.1093/ageing/afad056.
although neighbourhood may predict late-life cognitive function, studies mostly rely on measurements at a single time point, with few investigations applying a life-course approach. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the associations between neighbourhood and cognitive test scores relate to specific cognitive domains or general ability. This study explored how neighbourhood deprivation across eight decades contributed to late-life cognitive function.
data were drawn from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (n = 1,091) with cognitive function measured through 10 tests at ages 70, 73, 76, 79 and 82. Participants' residential history was gathered with 'lifegrid' questionnaires and linked to neighbourhood deprivation in childhood, young adulthood and mid-to-late adulthood. Associations were tested with latent growth curve models for levels and slopes of general (g) and domain-specific abilities (visuospatial ability, memory and processing speed), and life-course associations were explored with path analysis.
higher mid-to-late adulthood neighbourhood deprivation was associated with lower age 70 levels (β = -0.113, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: -0.205, -0.021) and faster decline of g over 12 years (β = -0.160, 95%CI: -0.290, -0.031). Initially apparent findings with domain-specific cognitive functions (e.g. processing speed) were due to their shared variance with g. Path analyses suggested that childhood neighbourhood disadvantage is indirectly linked to late-life cognitive function through lower education and selective residential mobility.
to our knowledge, we provide the most comprehensive assessment of the life-course neighbourhood deprivation and cognitive ageing relationship. Living in advantaged areas in mid-to-late adulthood may directly contribute to better cognitive function and slower decline, whereas an advantaged childhood neighbourhood likely affects functioning through cognitive reserves.
尽管社区环境可能会影响老年人的认知功能，但大多数研究仅依赖于单一时间点的测量，很少有研究采用生命历程方法。此外，尚不清楚社区与认知测试分数之间的关联是否与特定认知领域或一般能力有关。本研究探讨了跨越 80 年的社区贫困程度如何影响老年人的认知功能。
数据来自爱丁堡 1936 年出生队列研究（n=1091），在 70、73、76、79 和 82 岁时通过 10 项测试来衡量认知功能。通过“lifegrid”问卷收集参与者的居住史，并将其与儿童期、青年期和中年后期的社区贫困程度联系起来。使用潜在增长曲线模型测试一般（g）和特定领域（视空间能力、记忆和处理速度）能力的水平和斜率的关联，并通过路径分析探索生命历程关联。
较高的中年后期社区贫困程度与 70 岁时的较低水平相关（β=-0.113，95%置信区间[CI]：-0.205，-0.021），并且 g 在 12 年内的下降速度更快（β=-0.160，95%CI：-0.290，-0.031）。最初在特定认知功能（例如处理速度）方面出现的明显发现是由于它们与 g 的共同方差。路径分析表明，儿童时期的社区劣势通过较低的教育和选择性居住迁移与晚年认知功能间接相关。
据我们所知，我们对生命历程中的社区贫困与认知老化的关系进行了最全面的评估。在中年后期生活在较富裕的地区可能直接有助于更好的认知功能和较慢的衰退，而有利的儿童时期社区环境可能通过认知储备来影响功能。
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