Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
J Biol Chem. 2023 Jun;299(6):104750. doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104750. Epub 2023 Apr 24.
Sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartate (HD) domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) inhibits HIV-1 replication in nondividing cells by reducing the intracellular dNTP pool. SAMHD1 also suppresses NF-κB activation induced by inflammatory stimuli and viral infections. Specifically, SAMHD1-mediated reduction of NF-κB inhibitory protein (IκBα) phosphorylation is important for the suppression of NF-κB activation. However, while the inhibitors of NF-κB kinase subunit alpha and beta (IKKα and IKKβ) regulate IκBα phosphorylation, the mechanism by which SAMHD1 regulates phosphorylation of IκBα remains unclear. Here, we report that SAMHD1 suppresses phosphorylation of IKKα/β/γ via interaction with IKKα and IKKβ, thus inhibiting subsequent phosphorylation of IκBα in monocytic THP-1 cells and differentiated nondividing THP-1 cells. We show that knockout of SAMHD1 enhanced phosphorylation of IKKα, IKKβ, and IKKγ in THP-1 cells treated with the NF-κB activator lipopolysaccharide or infected with Sendai virus and SAMHD1 reconstitution inhibited phosphorylation of IKKα/β/γ in Sendai virus-infected THP-1 cells. We demonstrate that endogenous SAMHD1 interacted with IKKα and IKKβ in THP-1 cells and recombinant SAMHD1 bound to purified IKKα or IKKβ directly in vitro. Mapping of these protein interactions showed that the HD domain of SAMHD1 interacts with both IKKα and IKKβ and that the kinase domain of IKKα and the ubiquitin-like domain of IKKβ are required for their interactions with SAMHD1, respectively. Moreover, we found that SAMHD1 disrupts the interaction between upstream kinase TAK1 and IKKα or IKKβ. Our findings identify a new regulatory mechanism by which SAMHD1 inhibits phosphorylation of IκBα and NF-κB activation.
sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartate (HD) domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) 通过降低细胞内 dNTP 池来抑制非分裂细胞中的 HIV-1 复制。SAMHD1 还抑制由炎症刺激和病毒感染诱导的 NF-κB 激活。具体而言,SAMHD1 介导的 NF-κB 抑制蛋白 (IκBα) 磷酸化的减少对于抑制 NF-κB 激活很重要。然而,尽管 NF-κB 激酶亚单位α和β (IKKα 和 IKKβ) 的抑制剂调节 IκBα 磷酸化,但 SAMHD1 调节 IκBα 磷酸化的机制尚不清楚。在这里,我们报告 SAMHD1 通过与 IKKα 和 IKKβ 相互作用来抑制 IKKα/β/γ 的磷酸化,从而抑制单核细胞 THP-1 细胞和分化的非分裂 THP-1 细胞中 IκBα 的后续磷酸化。我们表明,SAMHD1 的敲除增强了用 NF-κB 激活剂脂多糖处理或感染仙台病毒的 THP-1 细胞中 IKKα、IKKβ 和 IKKγ 的磷酸化,并且 SAMHD1 的重建抑制了仙台病毒感染的 THP-1 细胞中 IKKα/β/γ 的磷酸化。我们证明内源性 SAMHD1 在 THP-1 细胞中与 IKKα 和 IKKβ 相互作用,并且重组 SAMHD1 在体外直接与纯化的 IKKα 或 IKKβ 结合。这些蛋白质相互作用的作图表明,SAMHD1 的 HD 结构域与 IKKα 和 IKKβ 相互作用,并且 IKKα 的激酶结构域和 IKKβ 的泛素样结构域分别是与 SAMHD1 相互作用所必需的。此外,我们发现 SAMHD1 破坏了上游激酶 TAK1 与 IKKα 或 IKKβ 的相互作用。我们的发现确定了 SAMHD1 抑制 IκBα 磷酸化和 NF-κB 激活的新调节机制。