Koenig Maurice, Moser Daniel, Leusner Julian, Depotter Jasper R L, Doehlemann Gunther, Misas Villamil Johana
Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2023 Sep;36(9):592-604. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-01-23-0005-R. Epub 2023 Oct 11.
Phytocytokines are signaling peptides that alert plant cells of danger. However, the downstream responses triggered by phytocytokines and their effect on plant survival are still largely unknown. Here, we have identified three biologically active maize orthologues of phytocytokines previously described in other plants. The maize phytocytokines show common features with microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), including the induction of immune-related genes and activation of papain-like cysteine proteases. In contrast to MAMPs, phytocytokines do not promote cell death in the presence of wounding. In infection assays with two fungal pathogens, we found that phytocytokines affect the development of disease symptoms, likely due to the activation of phytohormonal pathways. Collectively, our results show that phytocytokines and MAMPs trigger unique and antagonistic features of immunity. We propose a model in which phytocytokines activate immune responses partially similar to MAMPs but, in contrast to microbial signals, they act as danger and survival molecules to the surrounding cells. Future studies will focus on the components determining the divergence of signaling outputs upon phytocytokine activation. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
植物细胞因子是向植物细胞发出危险警报的信号肽。然而，植物细胞因子触发的下游反应及其对植物存活的影响在很大程度上仍不为人知。在这里，我们鉴定出了先前在其他植物中描述过的三种具有生物活性的玉米植物细胞因子直系同源物。玉米植物细胞因子与微生物相关分子模式（MAMPs）具有共同特征，包括诱导免疫相关基因和激活木瓜蛋白酶样半胱氨酸蛋白酶。与MAMPs不同的是，植物细胞因子在存在伤口的情况下不会促进细胞死亡。在对两种真菌病原体的感染试验中，我们发现植物细胞因子会影响疾病症状的发展，这可能是由于植物激素途径的激活所致。总体而言，我们的结果表明，植物细胞因子和MAMPs触发了独特且相互拮抗的免疫特征。我们提出了一个模型，其中植物细胞因子激活的免疫反应部分类似于MAMPs，但与微生物信号不同的是，它们对周围细胞起到危险和存活分子的作用。未来的研究将聚焦于决定植物细胞因子激活后信号输出差异的成分。[公式：见正文] 版权所有© 2023作者。本文是一篇根据知识共享署名 - 非商业性使用 - 禁止演绎4.0国际许可协议分发的开放获取文章。
