Havelaar A H, Furuse K, Hogeboom W M
J Appl Bacteriol. 1986 Mar;60(3):255-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1986.tb01081.x.
In an attempt to explain the presence of F-specific (RNA) bacteriophages in waste-water, faecal material from humans and a variety of animals was examined. The phages were detected in appreciable numbers only in faeces from pigs, broiler chickens, sheep and calves but not from dogs, cows, horses and humans. Parallel examinations for somatic coliphages, thermotolerant coliforms, faecal streptococci and spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia revealed the consistent presence of these organisms in all types of samples, albeit in variable numbers. The number of F-specific bacteriophages was related to the total number of somatic coliphages, but phage counts were unrelated to bacterial counts. F-specific RNA phages were grouped by serotyping and all animal isolates were found to belong to either group I (MS2 subtype) or IV (four different subtypes). Among the group IV isolates, most belonged to well-known subtypes SP (24 isolates) or FI (18 isolates) but five isolates were related to phage ID2 and one isolate was a new subtype. In contrast with animal isolates, 19 isolates from hospital wastewater belonged to serogroups II or III.
为了解释废水中F特异性（RNA）噬菌体的存在情况，对来自人类和多种动物的粪便样本进行了检测。仅在猪、肉鸡、绵羊和小牛的粪便中检测到了大量噬菌体，而在狗、牛、马和人类的粪便中未检测到。对体细胞性大肠杆菌噬菌体、耐热性大肠菌群、粪链球菌和亚硫酸盐还原梭菌孢子的平行检测表明，所有类型的样本中均始终存在这些微生物，尽管数量各不相同。F特异性噬菌体的数量与体细胞性大肠杆菌噬菌体的总数相关，但噬菌体计数与细菌计数无关。F特异性RNA噬菌体通过血清分型进行分组，发现所有动物分离株均属于I组（MS2亚型）或IV组（四种不同亚型）。在IV组分离株中，大多数属于著名的SP亚型（24株）或FI亚型（18株），但有5株与ID2噬菌体相关，1株为新亚型。与动物分离株不同，来自医院废水的19株分离株属于血清群II或III。
