A Novel Intelligent Indicator Film: Preparation, Characterization, and Application.

The development of intelligent indicator film that can detect changes in food quality is a new trend in the food packaging field. The WPNFs-PU-ACN/Gly film was prepared based on whey protein isolate nanofibers (WPNFs). Anthocyanin (ACN) and glycerol (Gly) were used as the color indicator and the plasticizer, respectively, while pullulan (PU) was added to enhance mechanical properties of WPNFs-PU-ACN/Gly edible film. In the study, the addition of ACN improved the hydrophobicity and oxidation resistance of the indicator film; with an increase in pH, the color of the indicator film shifted from dark pink to grey, and its surface was uniform and smooth. Therefore, the WPNFs-PU-ACN/Gly edible film would be suitable for sensing the pH of salmon, which changes with deterioration, as the color change of ACN was completely consistent with fish pH. Furthermore, the color change after being exposed to grey was evaluated in conjunction with hardness, chewiness, and resilience of salmon as an indication. This shows that intelligent indicator film made of WPNFs, PU, ACN, and Gly could contribute to the development of safe food.