School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Conserv Biol. 2024 Feb;38(1):e14106. doi: 10.1111/cobi.14106. Epub 2023 Jul 28.
In 2010, the introduction of other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) into international policy caused a paradigm shift in area-based conservation, which included consideration of areas outside formal protected areas and places where biodiversity conservation may not be a management objective for the site. Despite the importance of this shift for global conservation, conservation science and policy have been slow to engage with the concept of OECMs. As the world moves toward protecting 30% of the Earth by 2030, it is imperative to develop evidence-based guidance for how to identify effective conservation measures, especially tools to help evaluate and monitor the biodiversity outcomes associated with potential OECMs. To understand the current progress in developing the concept of OECMs, I evaluated the peer-reviewed literature to consolidate and synthesize current knowledge. I conducted a thematic analysis of papers to identify the types of challenges and opportunities being discussed and lessons from studies evaluating the effectiveness of OECMs. Only 105 studies mentioned OECMs, and those that did rarely move beyond superficial mention of OECMs as part of area-based conservation. Around one-half of studies listed potential risks or benefits of OECMs but none provided evidence these issues have materialized. Twenty-three studies attempted to identify potential OECMs, although specific case studies were rare. The 7 studies that evaluated existing OECMs were highly critical of how they had been implemented to date. Studies that evaluated conservation outcomes were extremely rare, and suggested effectiveness must be judged on a case-by-case basis. The current literature not only leaves many gaps in the science required to operationalize the concept of OECMs, but also often raises additional questions that need to be addressed. If these gaps are not filled by robust science, the promised benefits for biodiversity from OECMs may never be realized.
2010 年，其他有效面积保护措施（OECMs）被引入国际政策，这导致了基于面积的保护发生了范式转变，其中包括考虑正式保护区以外的区域和生物多样性保护可能不是该区域管理目标的地方。尽管这一转变对全球保护至关重要，但保护科学和政策在很大程度上仍未能参与到 OECMs 的概念中。随着世界迈向到 2030 年保护地球 30%的目标，制定关于如何确定有效保护措施的循证指导方针，特别是评估和监测与潜在 OECMs 相关的生物多样性成果的工具，已变得至关重要。为了了解 OECMs 概念的当前发展进度，我评估了同行评议文献，以整合和综合当前的知识。我对论文进行了主题分析，以确定正在讨论的挑战和机遇的类型，以及评估 OECMs 有效性的研究的经验教训。只有 105 项研究提到了 OECMs，而这些研究很少超出将 OECMs 作为基于面积的保护的一部分进行简单提及。大约一半的研究列出了 OECMs 的潜在风险或益处，但没有提供证据表明这些问题已经实现。有 23 项研究试图确定潜在的 OECMs，尽管具体的案例研究很少。对已有的 OECMs 进行评估的 7 项研究对迄今为止它们的实施方式提出了高度批评。评估保护成果的研究极为罕见，并表明必须根据具体情况判断有效性。当前的文献不仅在将 OECMs 的概念付诸实践所需的科学方面留下了许多空白，而且还经常提出需要解决的其他问题。如果这些空白没有得到强有力的科学填补，那么 OECMs 为生物多样性带来的预期好处可能永远无法实现。
