Department of Analytical Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain.
Environ Res. 2023 Sep 1;232:116082. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116082. Epub 2023 May 8.
Antibiotics are widely used drugs in human and veterinary medicine, which has attracted great attention in relation to the development of bacterial resistance, currently a problem of great concern for governments and states, as it is related to the resurgence of infectious diseases already eradicated. Understanding the bioaccumulation of antibiotics in aquatic organisms is an important key to understanding their risk assessment. The present study was designed to study the bioaccumulation of target antibiotics in relevant organisms inhabiting benthic marine environments. The uptake and elimination of ciprofloxacin (CIP), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) were investigated in sea cucumbers (Holothuria tubulosa), snakelock anemone (Anemonia sulcata) and beadlet anemone (Actinia equina) under controlled laboratory conditions. The results show that antibiotics have a particular trend over time during all periods of absorption and depuration. The tissue distribution of antibiotics in sea cucumber is strongly influenced by the structure of the compounds, while CIP is concentrated in the body wall; TMP is concentrated in the digestive tract. Two different approaches were used to estimate bioconcentration factors (BCFs) in different animal models, based on toxicokinetic data and measured steady-state concentrations. The BCF ranges were 456-2731 L/kg, 6-511 L/kg and 9-100 L/kg for TMP, CIP and SMX, respectively. The estimated BCF values obtained classify TMP as cumulative in A. equina and H. tubulosa, underlining the potential bioconcentration in these marine organisms. A correlation was observed between the BCFs of the target antibiotics and the octanol-water distribution coefficient (D) (r > 0.7). The animal-specific BCF followed the order of beadlet anemone > sea cucumber > snakelock anemone.
抗生素是人类和兽医医学中广泛使用的药物，由于与细菌耐药性的发展有关，因此引起了极大的关注，这是当前政府和国家关注的一个大问题，因为这与已经根除的传染病的死灰复燃有关。了解抗生素在水生生物中的生物累积是了解其风险评估的重要关键。本研究旨在研究栖息在底栖海洋环境中的相关生物体中目标抗生素的生物累积。在受控实验室条件下，研究了海参（Holothuria tubulosa）、蛇鳗海葵（Anemonia sulcata）和球海葵（Actinia equina）中对环丙沙星（CIP）、磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）和甲氧苄啶（TMP）的吸收和消除。结果表明，抗生素在吸收和清除的所有时期都具有特定的时间趋势。抗生素在海参中的组织分布受化合物结构的强烈影响，而 CIP 集中在体壁中；TMP 集中在消化道中。基于毒代动力学数据和稳态浓度，使用两种不同的方法来估算不同动物模型中的生物浓缩因子（BCF）。TMP、CIP 和 SMX 的 BCF 范围分别为 456-2731 L/kg、6-511 L/kg 和 9-100 L/kg。在所研究的三种抗生素中，TMP 在 A. equina 和 H. tubulosa 中被归类为蓄积性，这强调了这些海洋生物中潜在的生物浓缩作用。观察到目标抗生素的 BCF 值与辛醇-水分配系数（D）之间存在相关性（r>0.7）。动物特异性 BCF 遵循球海葵>海参>蛇鳗海葵的顺序。
