Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research of Hamburg University (ZIS), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
Eur Addict Res. 2023;29(3):182-193. doi: 10.1159/000529944. Epub 2023 Apr 25.
Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs) are the second most commonly consumed class of illicit drugs globally, but there is limited understanding of the precise factors associated with problematic versus controlled ATS consumption. This exploratory study aimed to identify which individual, social, and environmental factors are associated with different patterns of ATS use over time.
Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in Germany, England, The Netherlands, Poland, and the Czech Republic via face-to-face computer-assisted personal interviews to collect data on different user groups. 1,458 adults (18+) reported exposure to but no ATS use (n = 339); former rare/moderate ATS use (n = 242); current rare/moderate ATS use (n = 273); former frequent/dependent ATS use (n = 201); current frequent/dependent ATS use (n = 403). Extent of ATS/other substance use was assessed by number of consumption days (lifetime, past year, past month) and Severity of Dependence Scale. To identify factors associated with group membership, data were also collected on previous injecting drug use (IDU) and consumption setting/rules. Psychological distress was measured using the Brief Symptom Inventory, with additional data collected on self-reported adverse life events and physical/mental health.
Currently, using frequent/dependent ATS users experienced more frequent unstable living conditions (27.5%) and psychological distress (59.8%) compared to other groups. A multinomial logistic regression showed that currently abstinent rare/moderate users were more likely to abstain from methamphetamine use {odds ratio (OR) = 2.48 (confidence interval [CI] = 1.32-4.68)} and from IDU (OR = 6.33 [CI = 2.21-18.14]), to avoid ATS use during working hours (OR = 6.67 [CI = 3.85-11.11]), and not to use ATS for coping reasons (OR = 4.55 [CI = 2.50-6.67]) compared to the reference group of currently using frequent/dependent users.
People who use ATS frequently and/or at dependent levels are more likely to have experienced social and economic adversity compared to infrequent ATS users. On the other hand, there is a substantial share of users, which show a controlled use pattern and are able to integrate ATS use into their lives without severe consequences.
苯丙胺类兴奋剂（ATS）是全球范围内第二大最常被滥用的非法药物类别，但对于与问题性和控制性 ATS 消费相关的确切因素知之甚少。这项探索性研究旨在确定哪些个体、社会和环境因素与随时间变化的不同 ATS 使用模式相关。
通过面对面的计算机辅助个人访谈，在德国、英国、荷兰、波兰和捷克共和国进行了横断面调查，以收集不同用户群体的数据。1458 名成年人（18 岁及以上）报告接触但未使用 ATS（n=339）；以前偶尔/适度使用 ATS（n=242）；当前偶尔/适度使用 ATS（n=273）；以前频繁/依赖使用 ATS（n=201）；当前频繁/依赖使用 ATS（n=403）。通过消费天数（终生、过去一年、过去一个月）和依赖严重程度量表评估 ATS/其他物质的使用程度。为了确定与群体成员身份相关的因素，还收集了以前使用注射毒品和消费环境/规则的数据。使用Brief Symptom Inventory 测量心理困扰，此外还收集了自我报告的不良生活事件和身体/心理健康数据。
目前，频繁/依赖使用 ATS 的人比其他人群更频繁地经历不稳定的生活条件（27.5%）和心理困扰（59.8%）。多变量逻辑回归显示，目前禁欲的偶尔/适度使用者更有可能戒断甲基苯丙胺使用{比值比（OR）=2.48（置信区间[CI] = 1.32-4.68）}和注射毒品使用（OR = 6.33 [CI = 2.21-18.14]），避免在工作时间使用 ATS（OR = 6.67 [CI = 3.85-11.11]），并且不将 ATS 用于应对原因（OR = 4.55 [CI = 2.50-6.67]），与目前使用频繁/依赖的使用者的参考组相比。
与偶尔使用 ATS 的人相比，经常和/或依赖水平使用 ATS 的人更有可能经历社会和经济逆境。另一方面，有相当一部分使用者表现出控制使用模式，能够将 ATS 纳入生活，而不会产生严重后果。
