Padilla-Jacobo Gabriela, Monterrubio-Rico Tiberio C, Cano-Camacho Horacio, Zavala-Páramo María Guadalupe
Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
Laboratorio de Ecología de Vertebrados Terrestres Prioritarios, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio R, CU, Morelia, Michoacán , Mexico.
BMC Zool. 2021 May 10;6(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s40850-021-00080-y.
The Orange-fronted Parakeet (Eupsittula canicularis) is the Mexican psittacine that is most captured for the illegal pet trade. However, as for most wildlife exploited by illegal trade, the genetic diversity that is extracted from species and areas of intensive poaching is unknown. In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity of 80 E. canicularis parakeets confiscated from the illegal trade and estimated the level of extraction of genetic diversity by poaching using the mitochondrial DNA sequences of cytochrome b (Cytb). In addition, we analyzed the genealogical and haplotypic relationships of the poached parakeets and sampled wild populations in Mexico, as a strategy for identifying the places of origin of poached parakeets.
Poached parakeets showed high haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.842) and low nucleotide diversity (Pi = 0.00182). Among 22 haplotypes identified, 18 were found exclusively in 37 individuals, while four were detected in the remaining 43 individuals and shared with the wild populations. A rarefaction and extrapolation curve revealed that 240 poached individuals can include up to 47 haplotypes and suggested that the actual haplotype richness of poached parakeets is higher than our analyses indicate. The geographic locations of the four haplotypes shared between poached and wild parakeets ranged from Michoacan to Sinaloa, Mexico. However, the rare haplotypes detected in poached parakeets were derived from a recent genetic expansion of the species that has occurred between the northwest of Michoacan and the coastal region of Colima, Jalisco and southern Nayarit, Mexico.
Poached parakeets showed high genetic diversity, suggesting high extraction of the genetic pool of the species in central Mexico. Rarefaction and extrapolation analyses suggest that the actual haplotype richness in poached parakeets is higher than reflected by our analyses. The poached parakeets belong mainly to a very diverse genetic group of the species, and their most likely origin is between northern Michoacan and southern Nayarit, Mexico. We found no evidence that poachers included individuals from Central American international trafficking with individuals from Mexico in the sample.
橙额鹦鹉（Eupsittula canicularis）是墨西哥最常因非法宠物贸易而被捕获的鹦鹉。然而，对于大多数因非法贸易而被利用的野生动物来说，从密集偷猎的物种和地区中提取的遗传多样性情况尚不清楚。在本研究中，我们分析了从非法贸易中没收的80只橙额鹦鹉的遗传多样性，并利用细胞色素b（Cytb）的线粒体DNA序列估计了偷猎导致的遗传多样性提取水平。此外，我们分析了偷猎鹦鹉与墨西哥野生种群样本之间的谱系和单倍型关系，以此作为确定偷猎鹦鹉原产地的策略。
偷猎的鹦鹉表现出高单倍型多样性（Hd = 0.842）和低核苷酸多样性（Pi = 0.00182）。在鉴定出的22种单倍型中，18种仅在37只个体中发现，而其余43只个体中检测到4种，并与野生种群共有。稀疏化和外推曲线显示，240只偷猎个体可能包含多达47种单倍型，这表明偷猎鹦鹉的实际单倍型丰富度高于我们分析的结果。偷猎鹦鹉与野生鹦鹉共有的4种单倍型的地理位置范围从墨西哥米却肯州到锡那罗亚州。然而，在偷猎鹦鹉中检测到的罕见单倍型源自该物种最近在墨西哥米却肯州西北部与哈利斯科州科利马沿海地区以及纳亚里特州南部之间发生的遗传扩张。
偷猎的鹦鹉表现出高遗传多样性，这表明墨西哥中部该物种的基因库被大量提取。稀疏化和外推分析表明，偷猎鹦鹉的实际单倍型丰富度高于我们分析所反映的情况。偷猎的鹦鹉主要属于该物种一个非常多样化的遗传群体，它们最可能的原产地在墨西哥米却肯州北部和纳亚里特州南部之间。我们没有发现证据表明偷猎者在样本中纳入了来自中美洲国际贩运的个体与来自墨西哥的个体。
