Núcleo Científico Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
Departamento de Trabajo Social, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Apr 28;20(9):5672. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20095672.
Chile is facing an environmental crisis and the territory of the Mapuche people is no exception. This is largely due to extractivism, which refers to the massive extraction and exploitation of natural resources in an indiscriminate manner. The objective of this study was to reveal the implications of extractivism and environmental pollution in Mapuche territories in the Araucanía region. The methodology used was qualitative, based on constructivist grounded theory. In-depth interviews and participant observation were used to collect data. The participants were 46 kimeltuchefes. The main results revealed extensive monocultures of non-native trees: pine and eucalyptus, which consume large amounts of water. They also revealed environmental pollution and indiscriminate forestry extractivism related to these trees, which generate soil degradation and water pollution. These consequences reduce biodiversity and disturb the ngenh (spiritual beings and protectors of nature). They also affect the Mapuche's agricultural activities and, in turn, their health and subsistence. In addition, non-native tree monocultures, environmental pollution and forestry extractivism transgress the az mapu (Mapuche code of ethics and behaviour), which disturbs the ethical, moral and spiritual relationship between the Mapuche and nature. They also have negative implications for the küme mogen (good living of the Mapuche), since they violate the balance and harmony between the Mapuche and all living beings, elements and spiritual beings that are part of nature. This also violates the reciprocity between the Mapuche and nature. It was concluded that there have been violations of the human rights of the Mapuche people, given that they are exposed to harmful environmental conditions that put their health and subsistence at considerable risk. In this sense, the Mapuche are experiencing a spiritual, physical, cognitive, attitudinal, affective and material imbalance. Ultimately, the state of Chile must generate intercultural environmental public and educational policies aimed at generating environmental awareness and creating actions to solve environmental problems in order to protect Mapuche and non-Mapuche territories.
智利正面临着一场环境危机，马普切人的领土也不例外。这主要是由于采掘主义，即大规模、无差别地开采和利用自然资源。本研究的目的是揭示在拉古纳地区马普切人领土上的采掘主义和环境污染的影响。本研究采用的方法是定性的，基于建构主义扎根理论。通过深入访谈和参与式观察收集数据。参与者是 46 名基梅尔泰切夫。主要结果揭示了广泛的非本地树种的单一栽培：松树和桉树，它们消耗大量的水。它们还揭示了与这些树木有关的环境污染和无差别林业采掘主义，这些树木会导致土壤退化和水污染。这些后果减少了生物多样性，并扰乱了 ngenh（自然的精神存在和保护者）。它们还影响了马普切人的农业活动，进而影响了他们的健康和生计。此外，非本地树种的单一栽培、环境污染和林业采掘主义违反了 az mapu（马普切人道德和行为准则），扰乱了马普切人与自然之间的伦理、道德和精神关系。它们也对 küme mogen（马普切人的美好生活）产生了负面影响，因为它们违反了马普切人与所有生物、元素和精神存在之间的平衡与和谐，这些都是自然的一部分。这也违反了马普切人与自然之间的互惠关系。研究得出的结论是，马普切人的人权受到了侵犯，因为他们所处的环境条件有害，使他们的健康和生计面临相当大的风险。从这个意义上说，马普切人正在经历一种精神、身体、认知、态度、情感和物质上的不平衡。最终，智利国家必须制定跨文化的环境公共和教育政策，旨在提高环境意识，并采取行动解决环境问题，以保护马普切人和非马普切人的领土。
