Puche-Juarez Maria, Toledano Juan M, Ochoa Julio J, Diaz-Castro Javier, Moreno-Fernandez Jorge
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
Diagnostics (Basel). 2023 Apr 22;13(9):1510. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13091510.
Obesity and being overweight have become one of the world's most severe health issues, not only because of the pathology but also because of the development of related comorbidities. Even when children reach adulthood, the mother's environment during pregnancy has been found to have a significant impact on obesity prevention in children. Thus, both maternal dietary habits and other factors such as gestational diabetes mellitus, excessive weight gain during pregnancy, smoking, or endocrine factors, among others, could influence newborn growth, adiposity, and body composition at birth, in childhood and adolescence, hence programming health in adulthood.
The aim of this review is to analyze the most recent human studies on the programming of fetal adipose tissue to determine which modifiable factors may influence adiposity and thus prevent specific disorders later in life by means of a bibliographic review of articles related to the subject over the last ten years.
The importance of a healthy diet and lifestyle not only during pregnancy and the first months of life but also throughout childhood, especially during the first two years of life as this is a period of great plasticity, where the foundations for optimal health in later life will be laid, preventing the emergence of noncommunicable diseases including obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension, being overweight, and any other pathology linked to metabolic syndrome, which is so prevalent today, through health programs beginning at a young age.
肥胖和超重已成为全球最严重的健康问题之一，这不仅是因为其病理状况，还因为相关合并症的发展。研究发现，即使孩子成年后，母亲孕期的环境对孩子预防肥胖仍有重大影响。因此，母亲的饮食习惯以及其他因素，如妊娠期糖尿病、孕期体重过度增加、吸烟或内分泌因素等，都可能影响新生儿出生时、儿童期及青春期的生长、肥胖程度和身体组成，进而影响成年后的健康状况。
本综述旨在通过对过去十年中与该主题相关文章的文献综述，分析最近关于胎儿脂肪组织编程的人体研究，以确定哪些可改变的因素可能影响肥胖程度，并由此预防日后特定疾病的发生。
健康的饮食和生活方式不仅在孕期及生命的最初几个月至关重要，在整个儿童期，尤其是生命的头两年更为关键，因为这是一个可塑性很强的时期，将奠定日后最佳健康状态的基础。通过从幼年开始的健康计划，可以预防包括肥胖、2型糖尿病、高血压、超重以及任何其他与代谢综合征相关的疾病（如今这类疾病非常普遍）等非传染性疾病的出现。
