Department of Sociology, University of British Columbia, 6303 NW Marine Drive, Canada.
Department of Sociology, University of British Columbia, 6303 NW Marine Drive, Canada.
Soc Sci Med. 2023 Jun;327:115946. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115946. Epub 2023 May 8.
Empirical evidence points to a persistent Black-White racial gap in police-caused homicides. Some scholarship treats the gap as denoting criminal justice exposure either in terms of involvement in crime or living in a high-crime context. By contrast, health scholarship typically points to the importance of racism including the attitudes, institutional practices, and overall structures that operate to privilege one group over another. Still, given the demographics of US society, the Black-White racial contrast overlooks the 25% of Americans who are neither Black nor White: Native Americans, Latinos, and Asians. The question of how the groups should be organized vis-a-vis the current Black-White model and theories arises. An answer is not straightforward. There is a rank-ordering to the groups' mortality rates as well as an exponential increase in the number of possible comparisons. In this paper we systematically review the literature on race and police-caused homicide with a particular focus on studies that attempt to move beyond the Black-White model. We find that studies on race and police-caused homicide either make no comparison between the groups, or, alternatively, use a White-non-White, a Black-non-Black, and/or a Black-Native American-Latino vs. White-Asian comparison. We use data on group-specific mortality rates to examine the strengths and limits of each of these practices. The limits are the selection of counterfactual gaps, the selection of smaller gaps, and/or the omission of larger gaps. To address these limits, we propose that a Black-Native American vs. Latino-White-Asian model best captures the higher and lower mortality rates in police-caused homicide data.
实证证据表明，警察导致的凶杀案中存在持续的黑人和白人之间的种族差距。一些学术研究将这种差距视为表明刑事司法系统中的暴露程度，无论是涉及犯罪还是生活在高犯罪环境中。相比之下，健康学术研究通常指出种族主义的重要性，包括影响一个群体优于另一个群体的态度、制度实践和整体结构。尽管如此，考虑到美国社会的人口统计学特征，黑人和白人之间的种族差异忽略了 25%的既不是黑人也不是白人的美国人：美洲原住民、拉丁裔和亚洲人。这些群体应该如何与当前的黑人和白人模式和理论相对组织的问题出现了。答案并不简单。这些群体的死亡率存在等级排序，并且可能进行比较的数量呈指数级增长。在本文中，我们系统地回顾了关于种族和警察导致的凶杀案的文献，特别关注试图超越黑人和白人模式的研究。我们发现，关于种族和警察导致的凶杀案的研究要么没有对这些群体进行比较，要么使用了白人-非白人、黑人-非黑人、和/或黑人-美洲原住民-拉丁裔与白人-亚洲人的比较。我们使用关于特定群体死亡率的数据来检查这些做法的优缺点。缺点是选择了不现实的差距、选择了较小的差距，和/或遗漏了较大的差距。为了解决这些限制，我们提出，黑人-美洲原住民与拉丁裔-白人和亚洲人对比模型最能捕捉到警察导致的凶杀案数据中较高和较低的死亡率。
