Andrabi Mutahar, Upton Brian A, Lang Richard A, Vemaraju Shruti
The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; email:
Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Annu Rev Vis Sci. 2023 Sep 15;9:245-267. doi: 10.1146/annurev-vision-100820-094018. Epub 2023 May 17.
We live on a planet that is bathed in daily and seasonal sunlight cycles. In this context, terrestrial life forms have evolved mechanisms that directly harness light energy (plants) or decode light information for adaptive advantage. In animals, the main light sensors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors called opsins. Opsin function is best described for the visual sense. However, most animals also use opsins for extraocular light sensing for seasonal behavior and camouflage. While it has long been believed that mammals do not have an extraocular light sensing capacity, recent evidence suggests otherwise. Notably, encephalopsin (OPN3) and neuropsin (OPN5) are both known to mediate extraocular light sensing in mice. Examples of this mediation include photoentrainment of circadian clocks in skin (by OPN5) and acute light-dependent regulation of metabolic pathways (by OPN3 and OPN5). This review summarizes current findings in the expanding field of extraocular photoreception and their relevance for human physiology.
我们生活在一个沐浴在日常和季节性阳光周期中的星球上。在这种背景下，陆地生物已经进化出直接利用光能的机制（植物）或解码光信息以获取适应性优势的机制。在动物中，主要的光传感器是一类称为视蛋白的G蛋白偶联受体。视蛋白的功能在视觉方面描述得最为清楚。然而，大多数动物也利用视蛋白进行眼外光感测，以调节季节性行为和伪装。长期以来，人们一直认为哺乳动物没有眼外光感测能力，但最近的证据表明并非如此。值得注意的是，已知脑视蛋白（OPN3）和神经视蛋白（OPN5）都能介导小鼠的眼外光感测。这种介导的例子包括皮肤中生物钟的光诱导（通过OPN5）和代谢途径的急性光依赖性调节（通过OPN3和OPN5）。本综述总结了眼外光感受器这一不断扩展领域的当前研究结果及其与人类生理学的相关性。
