Department of Otolaryngology, Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan.
Department of Otolaryngology, Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, Kaiser Permanente, Largo, Maryland.
Facial Plast Surg. 2023 Oct;39(5):569-574. doi: 10.1055/a-2095-6292. Epub 2023 May 17.
This article discusses the aspects of facial feminine affirmation surgery including forehead reconstruction, midface feminization, and lower face/neck feminization. We will present a brief history of gender affirmation. We discuss the anatomical differences between born XY males and XX females and discuss the subsequent procedures that aim at feminizing the face. The effects of silicone injections are also discussed as this was a trend in the past to feminize the face. Understandably so we discuss the anatomical differences as being a fluid expression and differences based on ethnic background.
这篇文章讨论了面部女性肯定手术的各个方面,包括前额重建、中面部女性化和下面部/颈部女性化。我们将简要介绍性别肯定的历史。我们讨论了出生 XY 男性和 XX 女性之间的解剖学差异,并讨论了旨在使面部女性化的后续程序。我们还讨论了硅胶注射的效果,因为过去这种方法曾是使面部女性化的一种趋势。可以理解的是,我们讨论了这种差异是一种基于解剖学的、灵活多变的表达,并且还受到种族背景的影响。