Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Aug 25;888:164198. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164198. Epub 2023 May 16.
Although fipronil and several of its transformation products are ubiquitous in aquatic environments, limited information is available on the structural identities, detection frequencies, concentrations and composition profiles of fiproles (fipronil and its known and unknown transformation products) in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, a suspect screening analysis was applied to identify and characterize fipronil transformation products in 16 municipal WWTPs from three cities in China. In addition to fipronil and its four transformation products (fipronil amide, fipronil sulfide, fipronil sulfone and desulfinyl fipronil), fipronil chloramine and fipronil sulfone chloramine were detected for the first time in municipal wastewater. Moreover, the cumulative concentrations of six transformation products were 0.236 ng/L and 3.44 ng/L in wastewater influents and effluents, and accounted for one-third (in influents) to half (in effluents) of fiproles. Of those transformation products, two chlorinated byproducts (fipronil chloramine and fipronil sulfone chloramine) were major transformation products in both municipal wastewater influents and effluents. Notably, the log K and bioconcentration factor (evaluated by EPI Suite software) of fipronil chloramine (log K = 6.64, and BCF = 11,200 L/kg wet-wt) and fipronil sulfone chloramine (log K = 4.42, and BCF = 382.9 L/kg wet-wt) were greater than that of their parent compound. Considering the persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity, the high detection rates of fipronil chloramine and fipronil sulfone chloramine in urban aquatic systems need to be specifically considered in future ecological risk assessments.
尽管氟虫腈及其几种转化产物在水生环境中普遍存在，但关于市污水处理厂（WWTP）中氟虫腈（氟虫腈及其已知和未知的转化产物）的结构身份、检测频率、浓度和成分谱的信息有限。在这项研究中，应用了可疑筛选分析来识别和表征来自中国三个城市的 16 个市 WWTP 中的氟虫腈转化产物。除了氟虫腈及其四种转化产物（氟虫腈酰胺、氟虫腈硫醚、氟虫腈砜和去硫氟虫腈）外，还首次在市废水中检测到氟虫腈氯胺和氟虫腈砜氯胺。此外，六种转化产物在废水进水和出水中的累积浓度分别为 0.236ng/L 和 3.44ng/L，占氟虫腈的三分之一（进水）到一半（出水）。在这些转化产物中，两种氯化副产物（氟虫腈氯胺和氟虫腈砜氯胺）是市废水进水和出水中的主要转化产物。值得注意的是，氟虫腈氯胺（log K=6.64，BCF=11200L/kg 湿重）和氟虫腈砜氯胺（log K=4.42，BCF=382.9L/kg 湿重）的 log K 和生物浓缩因子（通过 EPI Suite 软件评估）大于其母体化合物。考虑到持久性、生物累积潜力和毒性，氟虫腈氯胺和氟虫腈砜氯胺在城市水生系统中的高检出率需要在未来的生态风险评估中特别考虑。
