Kanel Sushil R, Das Tonoy K, Varma Rajender S, Kurwadkar Sudarshan, Chakraborty Sudip, Joshi Tista Prasai, Bezbaruah Achintya N, Nadagouda Mallikarjuna N
Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States.
Nanoenvirology Research Group, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.
ACS Environ Au. 2023 Feb 22;3(3):135-152. doi: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00053. eCollection 2023 May 17.
Arsenic (As) is abundant in the environment and can be found in both organic (e.g., methylated) and inorganic (e.g., arsenate and arsenite) forms. The source of As in the environment is attributed to both natural reactions and anthropogenic activities. As can also be released naturally to groundwater through As-bearing minerals including arsenopyrites, realgar, and orpiment. Similarly, agricultural and industrial activities have elevated As levels in groundwater. High levels of As in groundwater pose serious health risks and have been regulated in many developed and developing countries. In particular, the presence of inorganic forms of As in drinking water sources gained widespread attention due to their cellular and enzyme disruption activities. The research community has primarily focused on reviewing the natural occurrence and mobilization of As. Yet, As originating from anthropogenic activities, its mobility, and potential treatment techniques have not been covered. This review summarizes the origin, geochemistry, occurrence, mobilization, microbial interaction of natural and anthropogenic-As, and common remediation technologies for As removal from groundwater. In addition, As remediation methods are critically evaluated in terms of practical applicability at drinking water treatment plants, knowledge gaps, and future research needs. Finally, perspectives on As removal technologies and associated implementation limitations in developing countries and small communities are discussed.
砷（As）在环境中广泛存在，有有机（如甲基化形式）和无机（如砷酸盐和亚砷酸盐）两种形态。环境中砷的来源既包括自然反应，也有人为活动的影响。砷还可通过含砷矿物（包括毒砂、雄黄和雌黄）自然释放到地下水中。同样，农业和工业活动也提高了地下水中的砷含量。地下水中的高砷含量会带来严重的健康风险，许多发达国家和发展中国家都对此进行了管控。特别是饮用水源中无机形态砷的存在，因其对细胞和酶的破坏作用而受到广泛关注。研究界主要集中于对砷的自然存在和迁移进行综述。然而，源自人为活动的砷、其迁移性以及潜在的处理技术尚未得到涵盖。本综述总结了天然和人为来源砷的起源、地球化学、存在形式、迁移、微生物相互作用，以及从地下水中去除砷的常见修复技术。此外，还从饮用水处理厂的实际适用性、知识空白和未来研究需求等方面对砷修复方法进行了批判性评估。最后，讨论了发展中国家和小社区在砷去除技术及相关实施限制方面的观点。
