Department of Public Health, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2023 May 23;18(1):32. doi: 10.1186/s13722-023-00390-1.
Smokeless tobacco (SLT) products are gaining popularity around the globe, particularly in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Among these products, Nass (aka Naswar) is popular among the Turkmen ethnicity in Iran. Although several studies reported nicotine dependence (ND) among SLT users, psychometric instruments have never been utilized to specifically measure ND among Nass users. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ) among Turkmen Nass users.
A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in June-December 2018 among 411 Turkmen adults who currently (past 30 days) used Nass. Two bilinguals (Persian English) individuals translated and back-translated the FTQ-SLT, which maintained both the questionnaire's accuracy and cultural sensitivity. Construct validity was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.
The mean age and standard deviation for initiating Nass were 22.5 ± 11.81 years. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis indicated a single-factor solution with 8-items that captured several important ND components. Using Nass frequently, soon after waking, when sick, and experiencing a craving were some of the main components. Subgroups comparison revealed that higher scores occurred among those who were married, had Nass user(s) in their immediate family, and consumed bulk form of Turkmen Nass directly without using a tissue.
Our findings show that the FTQ- SLT is a fairly reliable and valid scale to measure ND among Turkmen Nass users and warrants further testing to accommodate cross-cultural differences in other populations.
无烟烟草制品（SLT）在全球范围内越来越受欢迎，尤其是在亚洲、非洲和中东地区。在这些产品中，Nass（又名 Naswar）在伊朗的土库曼族中很受欢迎。尽管有几项研究报告称 SLT 用户存在尼古丁依赖（ND），但尚未使用心理计量工具专门测量 Nass 用户的 ND。因此，在这项研究中，我们旨在评估 Fagerström 耐受性问卷（FTQ）在土库曼 Nass 用户中的可靠性和有效性。
2018 年 6 月至 12 月期间，对目前（过去 30 天）使用 Nass 的 411 名土库曼成年人进行了横断面、描述性研究。两名双语人士（波斯语-英语）翻译并回译了 FTQ-SLT，既保持了问卷的准确性，又保持了文化敏感性。使用探索性和验证性因子分析评估结构效度。
开始使用 Nass 的平均年龄和标准差为 22.5±11.81 岁。探索性和验证性因子分析表明，有 8 个项目的单因素解决方案可以捕获几个重要的 ND 成分。经常使用 Nass、刚醒来时、生病时和有渴望时使用是一些主要成分。亚组比较表明，在已婚、直系亲属中有 Nass 用户、直接使用土库曼 Nass 大块而不使用纸巾的人群中，得分较高。
我们的研究结果表明，FTQ-SLT 是一种相当可靠和有效的量表，可以衡量土库曼 Nass 用户的 ND，并且需要进一步测试，以适应其他人群的跨文化差异。
