Transcriptional repression of MdMa1 by MdMYB21 in Ma locus decreases malic acid content in apple fruit.

Malic acid is a major organic acid component of apples and a crucial determinant of fruit organoleptic quality. A candidate gene for malic acid content, designated MdMa1, was previously identified in the Ma locus, which is a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for apple fruit acidity located on the linkage group 16. Region-based association mapping to detect candidate genes in the Ma locus identified MdMa1 and an additional MdMYB21 gene putatively associated with malic acid. MdMYB21 was significantly associated with fruit malic acid content, accounting for ~7.48% of the observed phenotypic variation in the apple germplasm collection. Analyses of transgenic apple calli, fruits and tomatoes demonstrated that MdMYB21 negatively regulated malic acid accumulation. The apple fruit acidity-related MdMa1 and its tomato ortholog, SlALMT9, exhibited lower expression profiles in apple calli, mature fruits and tomatoes in which MdMYB21 was overexpressed, compared with their corresponding wild-type variety. MdMYB21 directly binds to the MdMa1 promoter and represses its expression. Interestingly, a 2-bp variation in the MdMYB21 promoter region altered its expression and regulation of its target gene, MdMa1, expression. Our findings not only demonstrate the efficiency of integrating QTL and association mapping in the identification of candidate genes controlling complex traits in apples, but also provide insights into the complex regulatory mechanism of fruit malic acid accumulation.