Breastfeeding and Bonding: A Surprising Role of Breastfeeding Difficulties.

To explore the role of breastfeeding difficulties in bonding. Studies published to date yielded varying results regarding the relationship between breastfeeding and bonding. In qualitative studies, mothers often describe breastfeeding as a bonding experience and regard breastfeeding difficulties as challenging. Only one quantitative study explored the impact of breastfeeding difficulties on bonding. A cross-sectional method was used and a self-report questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of mothers with infants aged 0-6 months. We found that having problem-free breastfeeding versus breastfeeding associated with breastfeeding difficulties led to a difference in bonding quality. Experiencing any breastfeeding difficulties was associated with bonding impairment ( = 0.000,  = 0.174), especially in cases of breast engorgement ( = 0.016,  = 0.094), a nonlatching baby ( = 0.000,  = 0.179), perceived low milk supply ( = 0.004,  = 0.112), and fussing at the breast ( = 0.000,  = 0.215). We also found a difference in bonding impairment between exclusively breastfeeding and exclusively bottle-feeding mothers ( = 0.001), but only when taking into account breastfeeding difficulties. Breastfeeding is a complex interaction that can be associated with mother-infant bonding in various ways. We found that breastfeeding difficulties were linked to bonding impairment, whereas exclusive breastfeeding without the presence of breastfeeding difficulties was not. Strategies to help achieve exclusive breastfeeding and prevent and resolve breastfeeding difficulties may help mothers fulfill the bonding potential with their infant.