Foundation Ca' Foscari University, Ca' Dolfin, Venice, Italy.
Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2023 Nov;19(6):1636-1648. doi: 10.1002/ieam.4794. Epub 2023 Jun 21.
Cyclic C O (cC O , CAS number 1190931-27-1) is a new-generation polyfluorinated alkyl substance (PFAS) used as a polymerization aid in the synthesis of fluoropolymers, which has been produced in Italy since 2011. A review of the properties of cC O , focused on environmental distribution and ecotoxicology, was conducted. The EQuilibrium Criterion model was applied, using default environmental scenarios, to estimate environmental distribution and fate. In a situation of static thermodynamic equilibrium in a closed system (Level I), cC O distributes mainly to water (97.6%) and in a minimal amount to soil (2.3%). In a more realistic scenario (Level III), with dynamic conditions in an open system, with advection in air and water and with equal emissions in air and water, the major amount of the compound is transported through water advection. Monitoring data, mainly referring to surface and groundwater, are available for water bodies close to the production sites (maximum measured concentration 52 μg/L) as well as for a wider area in the river Po watershed with concentrations generally lower than 1 μg/L. Few values are also available for concentration in biota. Effect data indicate low toxicity on all tested organisms with no observed effect concentration (NOEC) values always higher than the maximum concentrations tested (100 mg/L for acute tests). Bioaccumulation potential is also very low. A comparison with selected widely used PFAS with five to eight C atoms indicates that cC O is substantially less dangerous to aquatic organisms. For the time being, an ecological risk for the aquatic ecosystem may be excluded even in directly exposed ecosystems. However, for a complete assessment of the suitability of cC O as a substitute for other PFAS (namely, perfluorooctanoic acid), more comprehensive chronic experiments are necessary, to produce realistic NOEC, as well as higher tier experiments (e.g., mesocosms) capable of providing ecologically relevant endpoints. Moreover, a more accurate evaluation of the environmental persistence would be necessary. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:1636-1648. © 2023 SETAC.
环碳酸酯（cC0，CAS 号 1190931-27-1）是一种新型全氟烷基物质（PFAS），用作合成氟聚合物的聚合助剂，自 2011 年以来一直在意大利生产。本文对 cC0 的性质进行了综述，重点关注其环境分布和生态毒理学。应用平衡标准模型，使用默认的环境情景来估计环境分布和归宿。在封闭系统（一级）的静态热力学平衡情况下，cC0 主要分布在水中（97.6%），在土壤中分布很少（2.3%）。在更现实的情景（三级）下，在开放系统中存在动态条件，空气和水存在平流，空气和水中的排放相等，大部分化合物通过水平流运输。监测数据主要涉及靠近生产地点的地表水和地下水（最大测量浓度为 52μg/L），以及波河流域更大范围的水体重金属浓度一般低于 1μg/L。生物群中也有少量浓度数据。效应数据表明，所有测试生物的毒性都很低，无观察效应浓度（NOEC）值始终高于测试的最高浓度（急性测试为 100mg/L）。生物蓄积潜力也非常低。与具有 5 到 8 个碳原子的五种选定的广泛使用的 PFAS 进行比较表明，cC0 对水生生物的危害性要小得多。目前，即使在直接暴露的生态系统中，也可以排除对水生生态系统的生态风险。然而，为了全面评估 cC0 作为其他 PFAS（即全氟辛酸）替代品的适宜性，需要进行更全面的慢性实验，以产生现实的 NOEC，以及更高层次的实验（如中间尺度生态系统），以提供具有生态相关性的终点。此外，还需要更准确地评估环境持久性。2023 年综合环境评估与管理 19:1636-1648.©2023 SETAC.
