Team Biomechanics of Host-Parasite Interactions, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
Biol Cell. 2023 Oct;115(10):e202300016. doi: 10.1111/boc.202300016. Epub 2023 Jul 4.
The protozoa, Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp., are preeminent members of the Apicomplexa parasitic phylum in large part due to their public health and economic impact. Hence, they serve as model unicellular eukaryotes with which to explore the repertoire of molecular and cellular strategies that specific developmental morphotypes deploy to timely adjust to their host(s) in order to perpetuate. In particular, host tissue- and cell-invasive morphotypes termed zoites alternate extracellular and intracellular lifestyles, thereby sensing and reacting to a wealth of host-derived biomechanical cues over their partnership. In the recent years, biophysical tools especially related to real time force measurement have been introduced, teaching us how creative are these microbes to shape a unique motility system that powers fast gliding through a variety of extracellular matrices, across cellular barriers, in vascular systems or into host cells. Equally performant was this toolkit to start illuminating how parasites manipulate their hosting cell adhesive and rheological properties to their advantage. In this review, besides highlighting major discoveries along the way, we discuss the most promising development, synergy, and multimodal integration in active noninvasive force microscopy methods. These should in the near future unlock current limitations and allow capturing, from molecules to tissues, the many biomechanical and biophysical interplays over the dynamic host and microbe partnership.
原生动物、刚地弓形虫和疟原虫等，是顶极的肉足鞭毛门（Apicomplexa）寄生虫，在很大程度上是因为它们对公共卫生和经济的影响。因此，它们是研究特定发育形态特有的分子和细胞策略的模式单细胞真核生物，这些策略可以及时调整其宿主，以维持其自身的存在。特别是，称为zoites 的宿主组织和细胞侵袭形态发生型，交替进行细胞外和细胞内生活方式，从而感知和响应其共生关系中大量的宿主衍生生物力学线索。近年来，生物物理工具，特别是实时力测量相关工具，已经被引入，它们告诉我们这些微生物是多么有创意，能够形成独特的运动系统，使其能够在各种细胞外基质中快速滑行，穿过细胞屏障，在血管系统中或进入宿主细胞。这个工具包同样也可以揭示寄生虫如何操纵宿主细胞的黏附性和流变学特性，使其受益。在这篇综述中，除了强调一路走来的主要发现外，我们还讨论了主动非侵入性力显微镜方法中最有前途的发展、协同作用和多模式集成。这些方法应该在不久的将来克服当前的限制，并允许从分子到组织，捕获动态宿主和微生物共生关系中的许多生物力学和生物物理相互作用。
