Effects of halotolerant rhizobacteria on rice seedlings under salinity stress.

Avirulent halotolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (HPGPR) located on the roots' periphery can reduce abiotic stressors (such as salinity and drought), enhance plant productivity. Salinity poses a significant challenge for growing agricultural products, like rice, in the coastal regions. It is crucial to enhance production because of limited arable land and the high growth rate of the population. This study targeted to identify HPGPR from legume root nodules and assessed their effects on rice plants experiencing salt stress in coastal regions of Bangladesh. Based on the culture morphology, biochemical, salt, pH, and temperature tolerance traits, sixteen bacteria were isolated from the root nodules of leguminous plants (Common bean, Yardlong bean, Dhaincha, and Shameplant). All the bacterial strains can tolerate 3 % salt concentration, and capable to survive at the highest 45 °C temperature and pH 11 (without isolate 1). Three preeminent bacteria, Agrobacterium tumefaciens (B1), Bacillus subtilis (B2), and Lysinibacillus fusiformis (B3) were specified through morpho-biochemical and molecular (16S rRNA gene sequence) exploration for inoculation. To assess the plant growth-promoting activities, germination tests are applied where bacterial inoculation increased germination in saline and non-saline conditions. Control group (C) showed 89.47 % and bacterial treated groups (C + B1, C + B2, and C + B3) 95 %, 90 %, and 75 % germination after 2 days of inoculation. In (1 % NaCl) saline condition control group revealed 40 % whereas three groups with bacteria showed 60 %, 40 %, and 70 % germination after 3 days, which increased 70 %, 90 %, 85 %, and 95 % respectively after 4 days of inoculation. The HPGPR significantly improved plant development metrics such as root length, shoot length, fresh and arid biomass yield, chlorophyll content, etc. Our results suggest that the salt-resistant bacteria (Halotolerant) have a great potential role in recuperating plant growth and would be cost-effective as a bio-inoculant in saline conditions to be used as a prospective bio-fertilizer for rice production. These findings indicate that the HPGPR has a substantially promising function in reviving plant development in an eco-friendly manner.