Super-Repellent and Flexible Lubricant-Infused Bacterial Nanocellulose Membranes with Superior Antithrombotic, Antibacterial, and Fatigue Resistance Properties.

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a naturally derived hydrogel that has recently paved its way in several biomedical applications. Despite its remarkable tissue-like properties, BNC does not express innate anticoagulant or antimicrobial properties; therefore, appropriate post-modification procedures are required to prevent nonspecific adhesion and enhance the hemocompatibility properties of BNC-based biointerface. Here, we report a new class of flexible, lubricant-infused BNC membranes with superior antithrombotic and antibacterial properties. Using chemical vapor deposition, porous BNC membranes were functionalized with fluorosilane molecules and further impregnated with a fluorocarbon-based lubricant. Compared with unmodified BNC membranes and commercially available poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) felts, our developed lubricant-infused BNC samples significantly attenuated plasma and blood clot formation, and prevented bacterial migration, adhesion, and biofilm formation and exhibited superior fat and enzyme repellency properties. Moreover, when subjected to mechanical testing, the lubricant-infused BNC membranes demonstrated a significantly higher tensile strength and greater fatigue resistance when compared with unmodified BNC samples and PTFE felts. Overall, the superior mechanical strength and antithrombotic, antibacterial, and fat/enzyme resistant properties observed in the developed super-repellent BNC-based membranes render their application promising for various biofluid-contacting medical implants and tissue engineering constructs.