Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Rockford, University of Illinois, Chicago, United States of America.
Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2023 Jun;193:105448. doi: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105448. Epub 2023 May 2.
Indiscriminate uses of insecticide greatly damage the environment as well as non-target organisms. Thus, multiple levels of bioassays can help better management of our environment. Flubendiamide is a phthalic acid diamide insecticide that ceases the function of insect muscle leading to paralysis and death. Here, we aimed to explore the effects of Flubendiamide on the life cycle of Spodoptera litura vis-a-vis the mode of action. Fourth instar larvae of the same age (120 ± 2 h) and size were fed with different concentrations (20-80 μg/mL) of Flubendiamide for 12-72 h. We performed a pharmacokinetics study, different biochemical assays, p450, Ecdysone receptor (EcR) and other genes expression analyses by Real-Time PCR and gross damages by Dye exclusion assay and histopathology. Our results demonstrate that the mean concentration of Flubendiamide after 48 h is 9.907 μg/mL and (i) altered the molting, metamorphosis, and reproduction at 80 μg/mL (24 h) (ii) increases all oxidative stress parameters (ROS/RNS, MDA, 8OHdG), decreases oxidative defense mechanisms (SOD, CAT, GST) at 80 μg/mL (48 h) and p450 in a time and concentration-dependent manner, (iii) activates CncC/Maf apoptotic pathways at 80 μg/mL concentration at 24 h while the expression declined from 48 h onwards, (iii) downregulates the EcR expression in a time and concentration-dependent manner, which might be responsible for disturbed molting, metamorphosis, and reproduction, and (iv) increase the expression of apoptotic genes (Caspase 1, -3, and - 5), in time and concentration-dependent manner causing gross morphological and histological damages. In conclusion, indiscriminate use of this insecticide can affect the ecosystem and have the capacity to cause multiple hazardous effects on experimental organisms. Thus, it warrants further investigations to improve and optimize the integrated pest management packages, including Flubendiamide for better management.
杀虫剂的滥用会极大地破坏环境和非目标生物。因此，多层次的生物测定可以帮助更好地管理我们的环境。氟苯虫酰胺是一种邻苯二甲酸二酰胺杀虫剂，它会使昆虫肌肉失去功能，导致瘫痪和死亡。在这里，我们旨在探索氟苯虫酰胺对斜纹夜蛾生命周期的影响及其作用方式。用不同浓度（20-80μg/mL）的氟苯虫酰胺喂养相同年龄（120±2h）和大小的四龄幼虫 12-72h。我们进行了药代动力学研究、不同的生化测定、通过实时 PCR 进行 p450、蜕皮激素受体（EcR）和其他基因表达分析以及通过染料排除测定和组织病理学进行总体损伤。我们的结果表明，48h 后的氟苯虫酰胺平均浓度为 9.907μg/mL，（i）在 80μg/mL（24h）时改变蜕皮、变态和繁殖；（ii）在 80μg/mL（48h）时增加所有氧化应激参数（ROS/RNS、MDA、8OHdG），降低氧化防御机制（SOD、CAT、GST），以时间和浓度依赖的方式增加 p450；（iii）在 80μg/mL 浓度下，在 24h 时激活 CncC/Maf 凋亡途径，而从 48h 开始表达下降；（iii）以时间和浓度依赖的方式下调 EcR 的表达，这可能是导致蜕皮、变态和繁殖紊乱的原因；（iv）以时间和浓度依赖的方式增加凋亡基因（Caspase 1、-3 和-5）的表达，导致形态和组织学损伤。总之，这种杀虫剂的滥用会影响生态系统，并有可能对实验生物造成多种危险影响。因此，需要进一步研究，以提高和优化包括氟苯虫酰胺在内的综合虫害管理方案，以更好地管理。
