Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, NORWAY.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2023 Nov 1;55(11):2053-2063. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003232. Epub 2023 Jun 1.
This study investigated the development of power profiles and performance-related measures from the junior level (<19 yr) via U23 (19-23 yr) to senior level (>23 yr) in 19 female and 100 male Norwegian national team cyclists.
A total of 285 tests were performed in a 3-d laboratory-standardized testing regime. The tests included power profiles with shorter duration (6-60 s) and longer durations (12-30 min) together with performance-related measures: critical power (CP), work capacity above CP (W'), power output at 4 and 2 mmol·L -1 [BLa - ] (L 4 and L 2 ), maximal aerobic power (W max ), and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2max ), gross efficiency (GE), and pedaling efficiency.
Females and males evolve similarly when maturing from junior via U23 to senior categories (all P > 0.07), except for V̇O 2max , which increased in females (but not males) from junior to senior level (534 ± 436 mL·min -1 , P = 0.013). In general, only performances of longer durations improved with age (12 and 30 min, P = 0.028 and P = 0.042, respectively). Performance-related measures like W max , V̇O 2max , CP, L 4 , L 2 , and pedaling efficiency in the fresh state improved with age (all P ≤ 0.025). Importantly, performance in the semifatigued state during a 5-min maximal test was also improved with age ( P = 0.045) despite a higher external energy expenditure before the test ( P = 0.026).
Junior cyclists show highly developed sprint abilities, and the primary improvements of absolute power outputs and performance-related measures are seen for durations >60 s when maturing to U23 and senior categories. However, the durability, i.e., the capacity to maintain performance in a semifatigued state, is improved with age.
本研究调查了 19 名挪威国家自行车队女运动员和 100 名男运动员从青少年（<19 岁）到 U23（19-23 岁）再到成年（>23 岁）的功率曲线和与性能相关的指标的发展情况。
在一个 3 天的实验室标准化测试方案中进行了总共 285 次测试。测试包括较短持续时间（6-60 秒）和较长持续时间（12-30 分钟）的功率曲线以及与性能相关的指标：临界功率（CP）、CP 以上的工作能力（W'）、4mmol·L -1 [BLa - ]（L 4 ）和 2mmol·L -1 [BLa - ]（L 2 ）时的功率输出、最大有氧功率（W max ）、最大摄氧量（V̇O 2max ）、总效率（GE）和踏频效率。
女性和男性从青少年到 U23 再到成年组的成熟过程中表现出相似的变化（均 P > 0.07），除了最大摄氧量（V̇O 2max ），女性从青少年到成年组的最大摄氧量（V̇O 2max ）增加（但男性没有）（534 ± 436 mL·min -1 ，P = 0.013）。一般来说，只有较长时间的运动表现随着年龄的增长而提高（12 分钟和 30 分钟，P = 0.028 和 P = 0.042）。与性能相关的指标，如新鲜状态下的 W max 、V̇O 2max 、CP、L 4 、L 2 和踏频效率，随着年龄的增长而提高（均 P ≤ 0.025）。重要的是，尽管在测试前的外部能量消耗较高（P = 0.026），但在 5 分钟最大测试中，半疲劳状态下的运动表现也随着年龄的增长而提高（P = 0.045）。
青少年自行车运动员表现出高度发达的短跑能力，当他们成长为 U23 和成年组时，绝对功率输出和与性能相关的指标的主要提高出现在 60 秒以上的时间。然而，耐久性，即维持半疲劳状态下的运动能力，随着年龄的增长而提高。
