Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States.
Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States.
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2023 Jul 1;325(1):C141-C154. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00533.2022. Epub 2023 Jun 5.
The regulation of plasma glucose levels is a complex and multifactorial process involving a network of receptors and signaling pathways across numerous organs that act in concert to ensure homeostasis. However, much about the mechanisms and pathways by which the brain regulates glycemic homeostasis remains poorly understood. Understanding the precise mechanisms and circuits employed by the central nervous system to control glucose is critical to resolving the diabetes epidemic. The hypothalamus, a key integrative center within the central nervous system, has recently emerged as a critical site in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of the hypothalamus in regulating glucose homeostasis, with an emphasis on the paraventricular nucleus, the arcuate nucleus, the ventromedial hypothalamus, and lateral hypothalamus. In particular, we highlight the emerging role of the brain renin-angiotensin system in the hypothalamus in regulating energy expenditure and metabolic rate, as well as its potential importance in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
血糖水平的调节是一个复杂的、多因素的过程，涉及到众多器官中的受体和信号通路网络，它们协同作用以确保体内平衡。然而，大脑调节血糖内稳态的机制和途径在很大程度上仍不为人知。了解中枢神经系统用来控制葡萄糖的确切机制和回路对于解决糖尿病流行至关重要。下丘脑作为中枢神经系统的一个关键整合中心，最近已成为调节葡萄糖内稳态的关键部位。在这里，我们综述了目前对下丘脑在调节葡萄糖内稳态中的作用的理解，重点介绍了室旁核、弓状核、腹内侧下丘脑和外侧下丘脑。特别是，我们强调了脑肾素-血管紧张素系统在调节能量消耗和代谢率方面以及在调节葡萄糖内稳态方面的潜在重要性。
