The hypothalamus as a key regulator of glucose homeostasis: emerging roles of the brain renin-angiotensin system.

The regulation of plasma glucose levels is a complex and multifactorial process involving a network of receptors and signaling pathways across numerous organs that act in concert to ensure homeostasis. However, much about the mechanisms and pathways by which the brain regulates glycemic homeostasis remains poorly understood. Understanding the precise mechanisms and circuits employed by the central nervous system to control glucose is critical to resolving the diabetes epidemic. The hypothalamus, a key integrative center within the central nervous system, has recently emerged as a critical site in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of the hypothalamus in regulating glucose homeostasis, with an emphasis on the paraventricular nucleus, the arcuate nucleus, the ventromedial hypothalamus, and lateral hypothalamus. In particular, we highlight the emerging role of the brain renin-angiotensin system in the hypothalamus in regulating energy expenditure and metabolic rate, as well as its potential importance in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.