Heads Michael, Grehan John R, Nielsen John, Patrick Brian
Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, NY, 14211-1293, USA.
McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, 3215 Hull Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
Cladistics. 2023 Aug;39(4):293-336. doi: 10.1111/cla.12537. Epub 2023 Jun 6.
The butterfly subtribe Coenonymphina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) comprises four main clades found, respectively, in (1) the Solomon Islands, (2) Australasia, (3) NW South America and (4) Laurasia, with a phylogeny: 1 (2 (3 + 4)). In assessing biogeographic evolution in the group we rejected the conversion of fossil-calibrated clade ages to likely maximum clade ages by the imposition of arbitrary priors. Instead, we used biogeographic-tectonic calibration, with fossil-calibrated ages accepted as minima. Previous studies have used this approach to date single nodes (phylogenetic-biogeographic breaks) in a group, but we extended the methodology to date multiple nodes. Within the Coenonymphina as a whole, 14 nodes coincide spatially with ten major tectonic events. In addition, the phylogenetic sequence of these nodes conforms to the chronological sequence of the tectonic events, consistent with a vicariance origin of the clades. Dating of the spatially coincident tectonic features provides a timescale for the vicariance events. The tectonic events are: pre-drift intracontinental rifting between India and Australia (150 Ma); seafloor spreading at the margins of the growing Pacific plate, and between North and South America (140 Ma); magmatism flare-up along the SW Pacific Whitsunday Volcanic Province-Median Batholith (130 Ma); a change from extension in the Clarence basin, eastern Australia, to uplift of the Great Dividing Range (114 Ma); Pamir Mountains uplift, foreland basin dynamics and high eustatic sea-levels leading to marine transgression of the proto-Paratethys Ocean eastward to Central Asia and Xinjiang (100 Ma); predrift rifting and seafloor spreading west of New Caledonia (100-50 Ma); sinistral strike-slip displacement along the proto-Alpine fault, New Zealand (100-80 Ma); thrust faulting in the Longmen Shan and foreland basin dynamics around the Sichuan Basin (85 Ma); pre-drift rifting in the Coral Sea basin (85 Ma); and dextral displacement on the Alpine fault (20 Ma).
蛱蝶亚族Coenonymphina（蛱蝶科：眼蝶亚科）由四个主要分支组成，分别分布于：（1）所罗门群岛；（2）澳大拉西亚；（3）南美洲西北部；（4）劳亚大陆，其系统发育关系为：1（2（3 + 4））。在评估该类群的生物地理演化时，我们拒绝通过设定任意先验条件将化石校准的分支年龄转换为可能的最大分支年龄。相反，我们采用了生物地理 - 构造校准方法，将化石校准的年龄视为最小值。以往的研究使用这种方法来确定一个类群中单个节点（系统发育 - 生物地理间断点）的年代，但我们将该方法扩展到了多个节点的年代测定。在整个Coenonymphina亚族中，14个节点在空间上与10次主要构造事件相吻合。此外，这些节点的系统发育顺序与构造事件的时间顺序一致，这与各分支的间断起源相符。对空间上重合的构造特征进行年代测定，为间断事件提供了一个时间尺度。这些构造事件包括：印度和澳大利亚之间的漂移前大陆内部裂谷作用（1.5亿年前）；太平洋板块边缘以及南北美洲之间的海底扩张（1.4亿年前）；沿西南太平洋圣灵群岛火山省 - 中央岩基的岩浆活动爆发（1.3亿年前）；澳大利亚东部克拉伦斯盆地从伸展作用转变为大分水岭隆升（1.14亿年前）；帕米尔山脉隆升、前陆盆地动力学以及高海平面导致原特提斯洋向东海侵至中亚和新疆（1亿年前）；新喀里多尼亚以西的漂移前裂谷作用和海底扩张（1亿至5000万年前）；沿新西兰原阿尔卑斯断层的左旋走滑位移（1亿至8000万年前）；龙门山的逆冲断层作用以及四川盆地周围的前陆盆地动力学（8500万年前）；珊瑚海盆地的漂移前裂谷作用（8500万年前）；以及阿尔卑斯断层的右旋位移（2000万年前）。
