Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Section Ecology & Evolution, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Section Environment & Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2023 Aug;42(8):1782-1790. doi: 10.1002/etc.5682. Epub 2023 Jun 28.
The registration of pesticides in the European Union requires the assessment of the toxicity of active substances to soil invertebrates. The most commonly tested soil microarthropod species is Folsomia candida (Collembola), for which toxicity tests usually start with juveniles and determine survival and reproduction after 28 days of exposure, following Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development test guideline 232. Test duration may be shortened to 21 days by starting exposures with adult animals. The toxicity of chemicals can, however, vary significantly between different life stages (e.g., juveniles or adults) of the same species. In the present study, we assessed the toxicity of four active substances (cyproconazole, teflubenzuron, imidacloprid, and thiacloprid) to F. candida aged approximately 10 days (juveniles) and 20 days (adults) at the beginning of the tests. Tests were performed in LUFA 2.2 standard soil at 20 ± 2 °C, and effect concentration (ECx) values compared using likelihood ratio tests. The tests lasted 21 days for older springtails and 28 days for the younger ones. Life stage did affect the sensitivity of the springtails, with the survival and reproduction of younger animals being a factor of 2-6.5 more sensitive to the insecticides but not to the fungicide. For teflubenzuron and imidacloprid, the EC50 for younger springtails were 0.025 and 0.111 mg a.s. kg soil , respectively, and for adults 0.048 and 0.264 mg a.s. kg soil , respectively. For the younger animals the median lethal concentration values for teflubenzuron, imidacloprid, and thiacloprid were 0.353, 0.224, and 1.02 mg a.s. kg soil , respectively, and 0.571, 0.446, and 6.91 mg a.s. kg soil , respectively, for older animals. We discuss the implication of these differences for the risk assessment of pesticides to soil arthropods. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1782-1790. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
在欧盟，农药的注册需要评估其对土壤无脊椎动物的毒性。最常测试的土壤微型节肢动物物种是 Folsomia candida（弹尾目），对于这种物种，毒性测试通常从幼体开始，并在 28 天暴露后确定其生存和繁殖情况，遵循经济合作与发展组织测试指南 232。通过从成年动物开始暴露，可以将测试持续时间缩短至 21 天。然而，同一种类的不同生命阶段（例如，幼体或成虫）的化学物质毒性可能有很大差异。在本研究中，我们评估了四种活性物质（环丙唑醇、氟铃脲、吡虫啉和噻虫啉）对 F. candida 的毒性，这些物质的年龄分别为大约 10 天（幼体）和 20 天（成虫），测试开始时。测试在 LUFA 2.2 标准土壤中进行，温度为 20 ± 2°C，使用似然比检验比较效应浓度 (ECx) 值。对于年龄较大的弹尾目，测试持续 21 天，对于年龄较小的弹尾目，测试持续 28 天。生命阶段确实影响了跳虫的敏感性，幼体的生存和繁殖对杀虫剂的敏感性是成虫的 2-6.5 倍，但对杀菌剂不敏感。对于氟铃脲和吡虫啉，年幼跳虫的 EC50 分别为 0.025 和 0.111 mg a.s. kg 土壤，而成虫的 EC50 分别为 0.048 和 0.264 mg a.s. kg 土壤。对于年幼的动物，氟铃脲、吡虫啉和噻虫啉的半致死浓度值分别为 0.353、0.224 和 1.02 mg a.s. kg 土壤，对于年龄较大的动物，分别为 0.571、0.446 和 6.91 mg a.s. kg 土壤。我们讨论了这些差异对土壤节肢动物农药风险评估的影响。环境毒理化学 2023；42:1782-1790。© 2023 作者。环境毒理化学由 Wiley Periodicals LLC 代表 SETAC 出版。
