School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod 671316, Kerala, India.
J Agric Food Chem. 2023 Jun 21;71(24):9213-9242. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01901. Epub 2023 Jun 8.
(chili pepper) is a widely popular and highly consumed fruit crop with beneficial secondary metabolites such as capsaicinoids, carotenoids, flavonoids, and polyphenols, among others. Interestingly, the secondary metabolite profile is a dynamic function of biosynthetic enzymes, regulatory transcription factors, developmental stage, abiotic and biotic environment, and extraction methods. We propose active manipulable genetic, environmental, and extraction controls for the modulation of quality and quantity of desired secondary metabolites in species. Specific biosynthetic genes such as () and in the capsaicinoids pathway and , , and in the carotenoid pathway can be genetically engineered for enhanced production of capsaicinoids and carotenoids, respectively. Generally, secondary metabolites increase with the ripening of the fruit; however, transcriptional regulators such as , , and control the extent of accumulation in specific tissues. The precise tuning of biotic and abiotic factors such as light, temperature, and chemical elicitors can maximize the accumulation and retention of secondary metabolites in pre- and postharvest settings. Finally, optimized extraction methods such as ultrasonication and supercritical fluid method can lead to a higher yield of secondary metabolites. Together, the integrated understanding of the genetic regulation of biosynthesis, elicitation treatments, and optimization of extraction methods can maximize the industrial production of secondary metabolites in .
辣椒是一种广泛流行且高度消费的水果作物，具有有益的次生代谢产物，如辣椒素类、类胡萝卜素、类黄酮和多酚等。有趣的是，次生代谢产物谱是生物合成酶、调节转录因子、发育阶段、非生物和生物环境以及提取方法的动态功能。我们建议对 种进行主动可控的遗传、环境和提取控制，以调节所需次生代谢产物的质量和数量。特定的生物合成基因，如辣椒素途径中的 () 和 ，以及类胡萝卜素途径中的 、 、和 ，可以通过基因工程进行遗传改良，以分别提高辣椒素和类胡萝卜素的产量。一般来说，次生代谢产物随着果实的成熟而增加；然而，转录调节因子如 、 和 控制特定组织中积累的程度。生物和非生物因素（如光照、温度和化学诱导剂）的精确调节可以在采前和采后环境中最大限度地增加次生代谢产物的积累和保留。最后，优化的提取方法，如超声处理和超临界流体法，可以提高次生代谢产物的产量。总之，对生物合成的遗传调控、诱导处理以及提取方法优化的综合理解，可以最大限度地提高 种中次生代谢产物的工业生产。
