Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, University of Tuscia, 01110 Viterbo, Italy.
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMA), "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy.
Sensors (Basel). 2023 May 31;23(11):5245. doi: 10.3390/s23115245.
Due to subjectivity in refereeing, the results of race walking are often questioned. To overcome this limitation, artificial-intelligence-based technologies have demonstrated their potential. The paper aims at presenting WARNING, an inertial-based wearable sensor integrated with a support vector machine algorithm to automatically identify race-walking faults. Two WARNING sensors were used to gather the 3D linear acceleration related to the shanks of ten expert race-walkers. Participants were asked to perform a race circuit following three race-walking conditions: legal, illegal with loss-of-contact and illegal with knee-bent. Thirteen machine learning algorithms, belonging to the decision tree, support vector machine and k-nearest neighbor categories, were evaluated. An inter-athlete training procedure was applied. Algorithm performance was evaluated in terms of overall accuracy, F1 score and G-index, as well as by computing the prediction speed. The quadratic support vector was confirmed to be the best-performing classifier, achieving an accuracy above 90% with a prediction speed of 29,000 observations/s when considering data from both shanks. A significant reduction of the performance was assessed when considering only one lower limb side. The outcomes allow us to affirm the potential of WARNING to be used as a referee assistant in race-walking competitions and during training sessions.
由于裁判的主观性，竞走比赛的结果经常受到质疑。为了克服这一局限性，基于人工智能的技术已经显示出了它们的潜力。本文旨在介绍 WARNING，这是一种基于惯性的可穿戴传感器，集成了支持向量机算法，用于自动识别竞走犯规。使用两个 WARNING 传感器来收集与十位专家竞走运动员小腿相关的三维线性加速度。要求参与者在三种竞走条件下完成竞走环道：合法、接触丧失的违规和膝盖弯曲的违规。评估了属于决策树、支持向量机和 k-最近邻类别的 13 种机器学习算法。应用了运动员间的训练程序。算法性能根据总体准确性、F1 分数和 G 指数进行评估，并通过计算预测速度来评估。二次支持向量被证实是表现最好的分类器，当考虑到两条腿的数据时，其准确性超过 90%，预测速度为 29,000 次观测/秒。当仅考虑一个下肢侧时，性能显著下降。这些结果使我们能够肯定 WARNING 有潜力在竞走比赛和训练中用作裁判助手。
